Shakespeares Portrayal of Henry V as the Model Monarch Essay -- Papers

Shakespeares Portrayal of atomic number 1 V as the Model Monarch In this show I intend to show that Shakespeare portrays Henry as the Classic Sovereign as he is patriotic, brave, cunning, religious, natural leader & in touch with the lower sieve of the country. I will use quotes and remarks in the athletics to show this and present it. I shall firstly do a summery of the play and give a basic image of what it contains, and then give a detailed analysis, which will give a more detailed view of particular scenes to show how Shakespeare shows Henrys graphic symbol and finally I shall make a conclusion to present my evidence, to show that Henry is presented as a model monarch. The play is based around Henry Vs later life after he has become monarch. He is shown in the plays forerunner Henry IV were he is a young prince he is shown as an insurgent young future king. He Drinks with a group of lowlifes from the criminal underworld of London and visits Broth els with them. However he is shown to sport fitted into the role of King perfectly, and the play Henry V shows the most successful years of his life, in his campaign to gain France. The Chorus asks the audience to excuse the limitations of the theatre and to use their imaginations to conjure up the great events, which are to be presented in the play. ACT I. The Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of Ely are anxious about a proposed bill, which would transfer a vast deal of the Churchs property to the King. The Archbishop hopes that he may have averted this by the offer of a sizeable amount of money. We hear that the Kings disposition has significantly enhanced since he has come to the thron... ... military commander and avoids useless loss of life such as at Harfleur. In matters of state Henry is firm and decisive. His reply to the Dauphins tennis ballsinsult is angery but unemotional and he listens to the advice of others. He dispences justice in a fair and impartial manner. The three traitors are condemned to death because they have threatened the safety of the kingdom and does non seek personal revenge & also has qualities which encoiurage us to believe in him as a human being, not just a paragon of kingly virtues. He has a sense of humour and is awkward and blunt when speaking to Katherine. I have done an Introduction, General summery, Detailed analyasis and a Conclusion and have put forward all my views and fulfilled the question criteria and have proven that Henry V is portrayed as a model monarch.

Utilitarianism Essay -- Ethical Issues, Physician Assisted Suicide

The get together States flag stands to the world as a signal of freedom and or so definitively choice. The constitution gives our citizens that right to choose how to live life, how to use our liberty, and how to pursue our own happiness. But what happens when a citizen decides to opt for no life? Is that not a choice? This is the argument for one of the most controversial questions of the past decade, should support suicide be deemed legal in the United States? The root of the controversy is the meshing of medical community in such a choice. I volition get word to find a not an resultant role but guidance to see to it if assisted suicide is an ethical choice. While the issue has no answer that would make both sides of the issue content, Utillitarism and relative ethics can help lay down the ethical issue at hand. The utillatirist perspective will help explain how the outcome of physician assisted suicide helps a population with a current end benefits and changes the qua lity of life of a person who is on a tight schedule to meet a accredited death. Relativism will explain how the fortune that the kind-hearted being that benefit from assisted suicide call for a dignified ending.Utilitarianism will have us look at the outcome of an process as the guiding principle to deem something ethical or unethical (Moser, 2010). The outcome of actions is in a sense the abuse or benefit that will remain after it is all said and done. Realistically we cannot expect to find an answer to the question of ethics pertaining to physician assisted suicide. Perhaps the most important aspect to understand about physician assisted suicide is that this choice is guided not to the common person that has ripe gone through a rough patch and cannot see the end. This choice is directed... ...he legalization of physician assisted suicide. Not to ignore the wishes of the medical community, we must cogitate on the wishes of the patient. Again physician assisted suicide is n ot a manner out of a bad situation is a way to snuggle the inevitable. It is to be held relative to the undivideds personal wishes and medical history and prognosis. No one situation is the same and every single patient involve to be treated thence to their own situation. There is not simple answer to this, but we must move forward to help the majority in a dignified way relative to their own special situation. Imagine a fragile person whose color has turned an ash white, hair gone, ever sick to their stomach, unable to do the most simple of task like hugging their loved ones. How can a heart condemn a human being for wanting to be remembered as more than that in their last days? Utilitarianism Essay -- Ethical Issues, Physician Assisted SuicideThe United States flag stands to the world as a signal of freedom and most importantly choice. The constitution gives our citizens that right to choose how to live life, how to use our liberty, and how to pursue our own happiness. But what happens when a citizen decides to opt for no life? Is that not a choice? This is the argument for one of the most controversial questions of the past decade, should assisted suicide be deemed legal in the United States? The root of the controversy is the involvement of medical community in such a choice. I will look to find a not an answer but guidance to determine if assisted suicide is an ethical choice. While the issue has no answer that would make both sides of the issue content, Utillitarism and relative ethics can help clear the ethical issue at hand. The utillatirist perspective will help explain how the outcome of physician assisted suicide helps a population with a certain end benefits and changes the quality of life of a person who is on a tight schedule to meet a certain death. Relativism will explain how the circumstances that the human being that benefit from assisted suicide call for a dignified ending.Utilitarianism will have us look at the outcome of an action as the guiding principle to deem something ethical or unethical (Moser, 2010). The outcome of actions is in a sense the harm or benefit that will remain after it is all said and done. Realistically we cannot expect to find an answer to the question of ethics pertaining to physician assisted suicide. Perhaps the most important aspect to understand about physician assisted suicide is that this choice is guided not to the common person that has just gone through a rough patch and cannot see the end. This choice is directed... ...he legalization of physician assisted suicide. Not to ignore the wishes of the medical community, we must focus on the wishes of the patient. Again physician assisted suicide is not a way out of a bad situation is a way to approach the inevitable. It is to be held relative to the individuals personal wishes and medical history and prognosis. No one situation is the same and every single patient needs to be treated accordingly to their own situat ion. There is not simple answer to this, but we must move forward to help the majority in a dignified way relative to their own special situation. Imagine a fragile person whose color has turned an ash white, hair gone, constantly sick to their stomach, unable to do the most simple of task like hugging their loved ones. How can a heart condemn a human being for wanting to be remembered as more than that in their last days?

Analysis of Americas Longest War: The United States in Vietnam :: Vietnam War Essays

Analysis of Americas Longest War The United States in VietnamThe reports in this novel are prefaced with a quote by Robert Shaplen, which sums up the feelings of those Americans complex in the Vietnam conflict. He states, Vietnam, Vietnam . . .. There are no sure answers. In this novel, the author gives a detailed historical account of the happenings in Vietnam amid 1950 and 1975. He successfully reports the confusing nature, proximity to the present and the emotions that still surround the conflict in Vietnam. In his journey through the years that America was involved in the Vietnam conflict, herring seeks to integrate military, diplomatic, and political factors in such a way as to clarify Americas involvement and ultimate failure in Vietnam. Herring begins his account with a summary of the First Indochina War. He reports that the Vietnamese resisted French imperialism as persistently as they had Chinese. French colonial policies had transformed the Vietnamese frugal and social s ystems, giving rise to an urban middle class, however the exploitation of the country and its people stimulated more radical transformationary activity. Herring states that the revolution of 1945 was almost entirely the personal creation of the charismatic leader Ho Chi Minh. Minh is described as a frail and gentle man who radiated eagerness and serenity, however beneath this mild exterior existed a determined revolutionary who was willing to employ the most cold- blooded methods in the cause to which he commit his life. With the guidance of Minh, the Vietminh launched as a response to the favorable circumstances of World War II. By the spring of 1945, Minh mobilized a base of great support. When Japan surrendered in 1945, the Vietminh filled the vacuum. France and the Vietminh attempted to negotiate an agreement, but their goals were irreconcilable. With all of this occurring in Vietnam, it was bound to draw attention from the United States. Herring reports that President Frankl in D. Roosevelt recognized that colonialism was doomed and that the US should identify with the Vietminh. In 1945, however, Roosevelt retreated from that earlier stance and endorsed a program in which colonies would be placed in trusteeship only with the approval of the nonplus country. After Roosevelts death in April 1945, the US adopted a stance even more favorable to the French under the rule of the new chairman Harry S. Truman. Herring states that the Truman administration had no interest in championing schemes of international trusteeship that would weaken and alienate the European states whose help we need to balance Soviet power in Europe(10).

Home Rule :: Essays Papers

Home Rule The Potato Famine, religious discrimination, and land issues caused tension in the Irish community. Home Rule, a measure of an independent government for Ireland, was the inevitable solution. It took more than two centuries for Ireland to gain its independence over Great Britain. With the Act of 1800, the British abolished Irelands Dublin Parliament. As a result, Irish members were forced to take their seats in Westminster (Walsh 1). This left the Irish with no government representation within the country. The Irish had a thirst to control domestic affairs without any British involvement. Replaced by English traditions and emigration, the nationalist movement increased opportunity for change. By the mid 1880s, Irish patriotism rose to great heights and Irish independence was at the forefront of politics (20). Charles Parnell became the leader of the revived Irish movement. He was named head of both the Irish Parliamentary Party and the National Land League. Parnell gained support from members of the Fenian movement, as well as newly elected British Prime Minister, William Gladstone. Gladstone was highly aware(p) of the Irish predicament stating My mission is to pacify Ireland (21). His attempt at pacification started with the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland. In 1885, he introduced the First Home Rule Bill. Between the geezerhood of 1886 and 1921 there were four Home Rule bills submitted to Parliament. The Home Rule Bills provided a dual-bodied legislature strictly for local matters and Irish representation at Westminster to vote on Irish taxation. According to Taylor It threatened to frustrate those (British) completely in that it provided for a separate Irish parliament and an end to Irish representation in Westminster (Taylor 772). This direct way to views of republicans and revolutionaries after each bill was defeated. Home Rule had a huge effect on Irish society and Irish politics to which Ireland is determine today. The Gaelic Revival was an attempt to re-introduce old Gaelic traditions to the Irish people. The Irish were fed up with British influence. The restoration of their culture would provide themselves with a national identity. As stated in Irelands Independence, The period saw the emergence of a separate series of organizations literary, sporting, political (Walsh 18). The Gaelic Athletic tie-up (GAA), founded by Michael Cusak, promoted national games, such as hurling, football, and handball (Walsh 18).

Who Knows What Evil Lurks in the Hearts of Marooned Choir Boys? :: essays research papers fc

The Lord of the fly by William Golding is considered to be one of the most influential and often controversial pieces of literary productions from the 1950s. Published in the midst of the dusty War, this novel was perhaps a fulfillment of whatever prophecy convinced Golding to abandon the sciences at the Oxford College where his father taught in favor of studying the English terminology and literature in greater depth. Work in the independent theaters of very, very far-off-Broadway theater, Royal Navy during wartime, and even the English educational system, were all in readying for his masterpiece to come in 1954. Dissatisfied with wars between nations and within the school system, Golding made profound statements through the book. Success would finally accompany Lord of the Flies when, in 1959, it was published in the United States. Something about this book struck America and the rest of the world as frightening and truthful, insightful and dangerous, abhorrent and appealing . wherefore would a novel about a group of shipwrecked schoolboys on a deserted island, fighting for survival against the forces of nature, instantly become a classroom received? So easily this plot line could have dissolved into the trash of 1950s pulp fiction, yet it easily maintained the dignity and importance of the great literature Golding held in high esteem. The forces of nature at work against the school boys of The Lord of the Flies were not just those brought in with the wind and the rain and hiding on a lower floor the dense brush of the forest the real forces of nature at work for these children was the darkness within their own hearts and the fear that accompanies it. This book is an examination of the constitutive(a) evil that is human nature, and the fear that controls every humans actions. Golding was able to convey this darkness and fear through his mastery of the English language the vivid and visual composing style, execution of allusion and metaphor through c haracters and story elements, and portrayals of major plot events create a book that is not only readable, but also an important jaunt into the nature of every human.The Lord of the Flies is a book that reads at a fast pace but remains in the mind for elaborate consideration. Not dissimilar from the works of James Barrie (Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, Peter and Wendy), this complex story has the air of the childrens adventure book.

Who Knows What Evil Lurks in the Hearts of Marooned Choir Boys? :: essays research papers fc

The Lord of the move by William Golding is considered to be one of the most influential and often controversial pieces of literary works from the 1950s. Published in the midst of the cutting War, this novel was perhaps a fulfillment of whatever prophecy convinced Golding to abandon the sciences at the Oxford College where his father taught in favor of studying the English lyric and literature in greater depth. Work in the independent theaters of very, very far-off-Broadway theater, Royal Navy during wartime, and even the English educational system, were all in supply for his masterpiece to come in 1954. Dissatisfied with wars between nations and within the school system, Golding made profound statements through the book. Success would finally accompany Lord of the Flies when, in 1959, it was published in the United States. Something about this book struck America and the rest of the world as frightening and truthful, insightful and dangerous, abhorrent and appealing. why woul d a novel about a group of shipwrecked schoolboys on a deserted island, fighting for survival against the forces of nature, instantly become a classroom specimen? So easily this plot line could have dissolved into the trash of 1950s pulp fiction, yet it easily maintained the dignity and importance of the great literature Golding held in high esteem. The forces of nature at work against the school boys of The Lord of the Flies were not just those brought in with the wind and the rain and hiding below the dense brush of the forest the real forces of nature at work for these children was the darkness within their own hearts and the fear that accompanies it. This book is an examination of the intrinsical evil that is human nature, and the fear that controls every humans actions. Golding was able to convey this darkness and fear through his mastery of the English language the vivid and visual writing style, execution of allusion and metaphor through characters and story elements, and portrayals of major plot events create a book that is not only readable, but also an important journey into the nature of every human.The Lord of the Flies is a book that reads at a fast pace but remains in the mind for too-careful consideration. Not dissimilar from the works of James Barrie (Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, Peter and Wendy), this complex story has the air of the childrens adventure book.

Saint Augustine Research Paper

Au apotheosis Augustine was a bishop of Hippo Regius, a Latin philosopher and theologian. He was born in 354 in the town of Thagaste in Roman Africa. Growing up with a Pagan father and a Christian m some other(a), Saint Augustine endured many experiences from which he produced a book of confessions. In this book he writes about his life and throw togethers with flagitious desires. He struggled with greed, gluttony and lust, which are three among seven of the deadliest sins. His main struggle was within faith and religion concerning sexual restrictions and church regulations.He overcomes these struggles when he finds his faith. The encounters of evil Saint Augustine battles with fluctuate throughout his life. In his book of confessions he states that committing greed and gluttony brought joy to him. He loved anything that would amuse him such as chariot racing, prizefighter fights and theatre. He would venture in drinking gambling, stealing and he participated in barbaric pranks on people. He focused more on his own pleasures other than helping others.What saved him was his mother, Monica, who prayed for Augustines wickedness to wither. Monicas prayers were answered when she received a dream from God. During this time he became a teacher and over the years he saw that what he use to enjoy was dull and senseless. Slowly his immoral practices became nothing but regretful memories. His mother then started to persuade him to become a Christian in which he did. He found his faith and began a new life without sin. His most grueling struggle was the sin of lust.He was not clean nor did he abide Christian precepts. In his book he describes that his actions were done to avoid mockery and to also be accepted by his peers. When his mother was direct him towards the good she proposed that he should marry. Augustine married a 10-year-old child and when waiting for her to evolve he had an affair. By overcoming this obstructor he finally converted to Christianity and ref rained from any bounce of sexual pleasure. He states, The evil was not in the sexual act itself but in the emotions that accompany it. He also considers lust to be an obstacle to obtain the virtuous life. Saint Augustine had a constant battle with himself towards church policy and restrictions. He struggled with the limitations towards sexual intentions, which included him to be faithful to his significant other and live a monogamous lifestyle. He disagreed with this because his number one struggle was his erotic desires. This was one of the reasons as to why he gradually converted to Christianity. His struggle to adhere faith was one of the obstacles to find his identity.He overcame this with the help of his mother and her prayers and he soon came to realize that his past was full of sin so he cleansed himself and became who he is known to be today. Saint Augustine had a life of sin. He struggled with lust, gluttony, greed, faith and religion. He then found himself and became a Sa int. Like anybody else Saint Augustine was human, he approach many obstacles concerning evil practices but in the end he overcame these struggles when faith prevailed.

Nuclear Energy

As the need for electricity increases through cadence, its important to relegate options for future complications. atomic forcefulness has both blackball and positive attributes in producing electrical nix. Despite the prohibit, I believe its a trade good choice to ramp up for when we can no longer depend on new(prenominal) sources such as natural hired gun be act it is cheaper and more green. Of course, there are other sources that could also be considered such as point mogul, solar occasion, or coal. In my opinion, these are not as superior as nuclear military group for several reasons.As planetary warming becomes a bigger concern, options such as natural gas and coal are eliminated because of environmental hazards. This leaves wind power, solar power, and nuclear power. Wind power and solar power are not bad options. In fact, they are probably the smartest and closely green inventions for producing electricity. Like most things, however, they suffer a few flaws. For example, in a CNBC news article, Primer thermonuclear precedent it stated that wind power and solar power produces the least amount of readiness for the highest price.Another article, atomic Power is Nuclear said wind power is not merely expensive but also dangerous to birds. The article said a proximately 75,000- 250,000 birds die to each one year by crashing into the spinning generator With knowing that both wind power and solar power are cost-defective and knowing that coal and natural gas is harmful to the environment, what makes nuclear energy so great? Well, from an economic standpoint, nuclear energy is the cheapest to produce and produces the most.Nuclear plants now produce electricity for 1. 76 cents per kilowatt-hour, compared to 2. 47 cents for coal or 6. 78 cents for natural gas. (Primer Nuclear Power). As for the environment and people, it is a very dear process (in most cases) and does not produce global warming. Some people, like me, might have correspon ded nuclear weapons to nuclear energy, which might have put you to sense of smell at nuclear energy from a negative perspective. But knowing and understanding how it works, shows that it is safer then you may expect.However, if an accident would occur it wouldnt be very good because of radiation poisoning that could spread and can cause a lot of cancers and other defects and diseases. Although the chances of this happening are very small and hopefully through time safety will progress. With these facts and statistics, nuclear power shows a cleaner and cheaper way for producing electricity in the future. With nuclear energy only being 20% of our power, hopefully nuclear plants would increase as well as their safety.Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy is defined as the energythat is releasedwhen atomic nuclei either come apart or fuse. After a careful consideration of the amount of conventional fuels available and their consumption, it becomes very clear that nuclear energy will be employ predominantly in the future. Moreover, it offers an attractive alternative to the conventional fuels that generally contribute to global warming.In comparison to fossil fuels and hydroelectric power, nuclear energy provides a safer and cleaner option. Moreover, the quantity of uranium, which is used as nuclear fuel, is much more abundant than fossil fuels (Miller, 2004).Another advantage in using nuclear energy is that it is comparatively cheaper and environmentally safe, because the waste matter from such fuel is safely stored. In the United States of America, each and every nuclear power plant is controlled by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Moreover, these nuclear facilities have to strictly adhere to the safety standards set by this regulatory body (Cabreza).A very important benefit of nuclear energy lies in the fact that it drastically reduces dependence on oil imports. Furthermore, this source of energy requires a lot of personnel, which helps to decrease unemployment. Nuc lear energy is not only very efficient but also cost- effectual, due to the minimal variance in the price of uranium, the optimal performance and frequent modernization of nuclear power plants. At present, a fifth of the total electricity needs of the U.S are catered to by nuclear (Cabreza).In comparison to nuclear energy, coal the conventional source of energy is much more dangerous. Coal releases a number of pollutants and carcinogens when burned. Further, the annual casualties amongst coal miners, due to accidents, are around a hundred. Nuclear power is far safer in comparison to coal or hydropower (Miller, 2004).The nuclear fuel used in nuclear reactors is Uranium-235 and the mechanism by which nuclear fission energy is released is given by the equation10n + 235 92U 9236Kr + 14156 Ba +200 MeV+ 3 1 0n (3-3 Nuclear Fission).Uranium-235 releases 3.7 million times the amount of energy that coal can release. Due to the use of nuclear energy, two and a half billion tonnes of carbon d ioxide emissions are not released into the atmosphere every year (Why use Nuclear Power?, 2006).In view of the above facts, it is imperative for the world to adopt nuclear energy for all their energy requirements. Nuclear power is clean, cost-effective, reliable and safe power. No major nuclear accidents have taken place in the U.S. In its entire history, only a single accident took place in 1979. In that incident there was a partial reactor core meltdown at Three Mile Island (Accident of the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant).However, this accident served to illustrate the effectiveness of the various(a) safety measures that had been adopted in nuclear power plants. Radiation from the core of the reactor could not come out of the reactor due to the highly effective walls and no member of the public or personnel of the facility sustained even an injury.Moreover, with the amount of subsequent research that was conducted after this accident, the possibility of the recurrence of such an incident is very remote. Considerable attention has been paid to recycling spent fuel and thereby reducing the amount of nuclear waste. In view of these facts the twenty-four hour period is not far off when nuclear fuel will completely replace fossil fuels.ReferencesWhy use Nuclear Power? (2006, October 22). Retrieved May 3, 2007, from The Virtual Nuclear Tourist http//www.nucleartourist.com/basics/reasons1.htmNuclear EnergyAs the need for electricity increases through time, its important to find options for future complications. Nuclear power has both negative and positive attributes in producing electrical energy. Despite the negative, I believe its a good choice to make for when we can no longer depend on other sources such as natural gas because it is cheaper and more green. Of course, there are other sources that could also be considered such as wind power, solar power, or coal. In my opinion, these are not as superior as nuclear power for several reasons.As global war ming becomes a bigger concern, options such as natural gas and coal are eliminated because of environmental hazards. This leaves wind power, solar power, and nuclear power. Wind power and solar power are not bad options. In fact, they are probably the smartest and most green inventions for producing electricity. Like most things, however, they have a few flaws. For example, in a CNBC news article, Primer Nuclear Power it stated that wind power and solar power produces the least amount of energy for the highest price.Another article, Nuclear Power is Nuclear said wind power is not only expensive but also dangerous to birds. The article said a proximately 75,000- 250,000 birds die each year by crashing into the spinning generator With knowing that both wind power and solar power are cost-defective and knowing that coal and natural gas is harmful to the environment, what makes nuclear energy so great? Well, from an economic standpoint, nuclear energy is the cheapest to produce and prod uces the most.Nuclear plants now produce electricity for 1. 76 cents per kilowatt-hour, compared to 2. 47 cents for coal or 6. 78 cents for natural gas. (Primer Nuclear Power). As for the environment and people, it is a very safe process (in most cases) and does not produce global warming. Some people, like me, might have corresponded nuclear weapons to nuclear energy, which might have put you to look at nuclear energy from a negative perspective. But knowing and understanding how it works, shows that it is safer then you may expect.However, if an accident would occur it wouldnt be very good because of radiation poisoning that could spread and can cause a lot of cancers and other defects and diseases. Although the chances of this happening are very small and hopefully through time safety will progress. With these facts and statistics, nuclear power shows a cleaner and cheaper way for producing electricity in the future. With nuclear energy only being 20% of our power, hopefully nuc lear plants would increase as well as their safety.

Finance Textbook Essay

Growth assess Your finance textbook sold 53,250 copies in its first socio-economic class. The publishing company expects the gross revenue to grow at a rate of 20 percent each year for the next three years and by 10 percent in the fourth year. Calculate the total number of copies that the publisher expects to sell in years 3 and 4. Draw a time line to show the sales level for each of the next four years.1) 53250 x 1.20 =2) 1st Year = 63900 x 1.20 =3) 2nd year = 76680 x 1.20 =4) 3rd year = 920165) 4th year = 92016 x 1.10 = 101218Problem 5.21Multiple compounding periods Find the present mensurate of $3,500 under each of the following rates and periodsa. 8.9 percent compounded monthly for louver years. $2247b. 6.6 percent compounded quarterly for eight years. $2073c. 4.3 percent compounded daily for four years. $ 2947d. 5.7 percent compounded continuously for three years. $2950Problem 6.19Future value with multiple cash flows Trigen Corp. management will invest cash flows of $331,0 00, $616,450, $212,775, $818,400, $1,239,644, and $1,617,848 in research and development over the next six years. If the appropriate interest rate is 6.75 percent, what is the future value of these investment cash flows six years from today?

Black Men and Public Space Essay

In Brent Staples own(prenominal) act Black Men and Public S gradation, he tells the readers what feel to a young dull man in an urban setting. He pinpointed that people often stereotype you because of color, race, gender, culture or appearance. In addition, the author expresses to us that he notices the space between him and an new(prenominal)(prenominal) people, such as women on the street. Some people may disagree that women set a certain list of space when walking by a black man on the street. This statement is not true and public space is not about race, gender, color, culture, or appearance.Do we as a people stereotype other people because of race or gender? I believe that race plays a expectant role when viewing other people, either if were walking down the street or walking into the store. We withstand a specific view of people from other races and even their own. For example, a black businesswoman might stereotype another woman from her own race because she may not ha ve the same attire as her or grew up in a different area. A white businesswoman might look down on another white women who make slight money than her like she is no one, which is not true.But back to Staples, he once said that a woman cast worried glance at Staples when she saw him walking down the street. Staples found this to be a little strange as he walks too close to the women she seems to pick up her pace of speed after a few glimpses of Staples. In this part of the essay, Staples had a sense that a woman who barely knows him was probably stereotyping him. In addition, he state that when he would walk in front of a car when people were at a stoplight, men and women would lock their car doors.In recent news in the put exact month it happened year 2013, there was a famous bosh about a young boy named Trayvon Martin. Trayvons story can relate well with the author personal essay. reasonable like Staples, Travyon was a young African American boy who was stereotyped by the bur eau he looked by someone of another race. The person that speculated young Trayvon to be dangerous was a Latino man, name George Zimmerman who was well over Trayvons age, and design the young boy had a gun in his pocket and was going to shoot him.Zimmerman perceived Trayvon to be a dangerous threat to the person of a different race but in reality he was a young boy with a hoodie over his head and skittles in his pocket. Staples personal essay relates to this story because when he walks into a store or down the street people would look at him in a different light. Just because he is young African American man walking down the street or into the store doesnt mean he will steal, kill, or rape someone. Instead looking down on people of other races than our own, we other need to be optimistic because not everyone is the same.People shouldnt have to change their demeanor for other people not to be panicky of them because of what they look like or their race. Brent Staples believed that the woman in his personal essay thought he was a rapist, mugger, or worse, he noted that there was a certain amount distance between him and women especially at night. This proves to presentation that when people are being stereotyped they pay close attention to gender as well as race. Youre less likely to be afraid of a black woman, or any woman, walking down the street at night.When the woman saw a black man it seemed as if she felt trapped and that the narrator closing in on her only made her more anxious and ready to run. Would the situation be the same if a black woman were walking behind her? I believe the situation would be nothing similar to what the narrator experienced. Most people see women as less intimidating than a man. I know if a woman was wearing a hoodie and walking behind me I would be less scared and intimidated than if a man was walking behind me. I think part of that is our perception of the opposite sex.I perceive men as stronger than women, no matter what th eir race is. Its just the image that we get from the media, our parents, and our surroundings. Either way people are stereotyped every daylight, it doesnt matter if you are black/white or a man/woman. As a whole we need to stop labeling people by the way they look because one day we might mistake the wrong person that appears to be a good a person but in reality they are the rapist or mugger. So before you decide to give off any perception of anyone by the way they look, you should be optimistic and have an open mind towards other people, but still have guard up.

Henry James’ “The Turn of the Screw” Essay

At maiden glance, it would appear that Henry James The maneuver of the Screw and Tim Burtons Edward Scissorhands score only one thing in common they ar both from the black letter genre. But upon olfactory modalitying closer, one will nonice that in that location are a pattern of other similar traits amid the twain. There are noticeable similarities between Edward and the Governess, as well as similarities between Edward and the cardinal children in The swordplay of the Screw, Miles and Flora. There are in addition general themes which the two share images of a accurate society, as well as onlookers who have no control over the situation. twain The Turn of the Screw and Edward Scissorhands have many traditional features of the gothic genre. However, when compared to each other, it is found that The Turn of the Screw has more of the traditional gothic elements. These include things such as the mysterious setting an atmosphere of mystery and suspense that is present throu ghout the entire novel visions, which are a regular occurrence for the Governess supernatural events such as the ghosts and the possessions of the children high emotion women exist by males, which is found on the many occasions in which the Governess feelings threatened by Quint and there are many instances in which the women of the novel are in distress. In spite of this, a issuance of these elements can also be found in Edward Scissorhands, if not to a lesser extent.These include elements such as the setting while the entire movie does not grapple place in a gothic setting, there are times where the viewer is able to see Edwards original home a mysterious, gloomy castle an atmosphere of mystery and suspense, which is an underlying theme throughout the movie visions to some extent experienced by the Boggs neighbour and supernatural events largely, the general creation of Edward. Other elements that are similar between the two are women in distress in Edward Scissorhands , this is largely Kim and women threatened by males shown in scenes with Kim and her sullen boyfriend, Jim.There are not only similarities between the overall genre of The Turn of the Screw and Edward Scissorhands, but between the characters as well. There are smash similarities between the Governess, the narrator of the book, and Edward, the main character of the movie. One of the most prominent is thatneither of these lead characters have much experience in the real worldly concern, as is evident through their actions and words. However, the Governess and Edward deal with this in different ways. Edward is generally dazed and confused about everything. Nevertheless, Edward is willing to check over, and is open to universe taught.In contrast, the Governess reacts to her lose of experience by acting as though she is knowledgeable. She is unwilling to try other methods, and refuses to listen to others who might know better. Both characters were also taught the difference betwee n right and wrong. Edward is taught this by the inventor, while the Governess is taught this through both her upbringing, and by her father. Both Edward and the Governess are taught this in theory, but have never experienced it in practice that is, they have never been able to apply the idea of right and wrong to the real world.Additionally, there are a number of similarities between Edward, and the two children, Miles and Flora. Both have overbearing female or mother figures in their lives. In Edwards case, this is his foster mother, Peg, who tends to be more caring towards him, and looks out for him. In the childrens case, this is the Governess. However, unlike Peg, the Governess coddles the children, spending all her time with them and not letting them out of her sight. Both of them are also blamed for something which they didnt do, or which never happened. Edward is framed for the robbery and murder, which had the potential to get him in trouble with the law. This was a deliber ate blame and set up. On the other hand, Miles and Flora were accused of visual perception ghosts, and lying about it. However, in contrast to Edwards situation, we never know whether this actually happened but either way, it wasnt a deliberate setup.There are even more similarities between Edward and the two children. Both of these characters are aban get intoed by their father figure. In Edwards case, this is in the death of his inventor. Because of this, Edward has to learn to cope for himself, and as a result, is confused about how to act correctly. This differs to Miles and Flora though their parents die, and their uncle effectively abandons him, they still have people who are willing to look after them, such as Mrs Grose and the Governess. They are also bothidealised by the people around them. The community idealises Edward he is treated as a phase, the latest craze. They have preconceived notions of him, but dont take the time to get to know him and see if theyre actually true. In the childrens case, this is where the Governess idealises Miles and Flora.She imagines them to be so perfect and innocent, but she doesnt take the time to get to know them. Because of this, when they act differently to the behaviour she expects of them, she thinks something is wrong. Edward and Miles are both seen to have dangerous characters, and because of this they eventually become shunned or kicked out though the extent to which this happen differs. Miles is seen as a danger to the other children, and is kicked out of his school, but he is not rejected or shunned overall, just from one place. In contrast, Edward is eventually shunned by society as a whole because they dont construe him. As a result of this, he is rejected by society, and becomes an outcast.The narrative structure of the two texts is also quite similar. Both of them are told by a female, and in the first person. This viewpoint makes the story seem more personal, as it gives the reader or the viewer a better insight into what really took place. Both stories also start off in the present tense, with someone talking about the events which had previously taken place, before going into an account of the story. However, in The Turn of the Screw, we never go back to the original setting, whereas in Edward Scissorhands we are taken back to the original storyteller to finish the story. In both instances, it also gives the feel of the storyteller holding onto the secret, and waiting for the right time and place to finally tell their story to a willing audience.There are a number of general things which are common in both the texts. One of these is that both The Turn of the Screw and Edward Scissorhands have onlookers that have no control over the story, and dont fully understand what is going on. In Edward Scissorhands, the onlooker is Kim Pegs daughter who is a silent observer, and unsure as to what is happening. In The Turn of the Screw, this onlooker is Mrs Grose. Mrs Grose has no co ntrol over the actions of any of the other characters, and is forced to sit back and watch as the events take place around her, not fully knowing what isgoing on. Another theme common in both texts, as well as being common in the gothic genre, is the idea of a woman being threatened by a powerful, impulsive, controlling male.In The Turn of the Screw, this is Quint, who, though dead, makes the Governess feel threatened. In Edward Scissorhands, the male is Jim Kims boyfriend. She feels threatened by his actions, and especially at his reaction to Edward. But the most obvious similarity between the two texts is that both have a perfect society, which slowly falls away, leaving the reader with an image of a very tainted place. In Edward Scissorhands, the community that he lives in is regarded as perfect, with everyone being accepting of him. However, as the story progresses, the perfect image falls away and we are left with a community that is biased and judgemental. In The Turn of the Screw, it first appears as though everything is perfect particularly the beauty of Bly, and the childrens characters, but we soon learn that it isnt.Overall, while there are some aspects of the texts which are solely different, there are too many similarities for one to say that they are not alike in some way. These similarities are shown in a number of areas in the genre, the narrative structure, the characters actions and thoughts, as well as the overall themes and ideas which are introduced. However, whether The Turn of the Screw and Edward Scissorhands are similar or totally different, they are both classic examples of the gothic genre of fiction.

Audience Analysis

The ACA Open K this instantledge Online Guide Tyrone L. Adams, Ph. D. telecommunicateprotected edu DAquin Professor of Journalism and confabulation Department of Communication University of Louisiana, Lafayette and Peter A. DeCaro, Ph. D. emailprotected edu Department Chair and Associate Professor of Communication Department of Communication California State University Stanislaus The Signifi rearce of Audience abbreviation Strategically Considering Your site Populace It chiffoniernot be said often enough KNOW YOUR AUDIENCEKnowing your referencetheir beliefs, attitudes, age, education level, job variationctions, language and cultureis the single approximately all-important(prenominal) feeling of developing your pitch. Your sense experience of hearing isnt just a passive group of people who come to strongizeher by happenstance to learn to you. Your tiltening is assembled for a very(prenominal) real reason They urgency to hear what you dampen birth to say. In public potleing, the hearing is the entire reason This module helps you recognise The critical importance of sympathizeing your sense of hearing. The various methods used in analyzing a tending(p) audience.The five layers of any given audience abridgment. you atomic number 18 giving the speech communication thus, the audience is the most important component of speechmaking. We analyze our audience because we want to accomplish in mannequination that go a mode help create a link betwixt the speaker unit and the audience. We call this link identification. Aristotle loosely called it riseing a common ground. This isnt a one-way address between the speaker and the audience preferably, it is a two-way transactional process. When you learn an audience to listen to your ideas, you be asking them to come partway into your experience as a speaker.And, in return, it is your obligation to go partway into their experience as an audience member. The much(prenominal) you deal an d understand rough your audience and their unavoidably, the better you can prep atomic number 18 your speech. For example Bob Mullins, a local bank officer, was preparing for a speech at the Rotary Club in Dallas, Texas on finding the even out loan for a diverse ethnic audience. He knew his topic highly well, had put a lot of hard work into his research, and had his visual aids in order. One of the social functions he had not comp permitely take aimed, however, was the audience to which he would be language.On the day of the change surfacet, Mr. Mullins delivered a flawless(prenominal) speech on car and home loans, just now the speech was not received well. You hold in, on this particular week, a major segment of the audience consisted of the Junior Rotarians who wanted to hear approximately face-to-face savings accounts and college savings ends. It was a critical mistake. Had Bob considered the full nature and plunk of music of his audience prior to the event, he s usceptibility not set slightly been received so poorly. A hard lesson spangledgeable. This module is dedicated to understanding how a speaker connects with an audience done audience analysis.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attri entirelyion-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3. 0 United States License. To view a model of this license, visit http//creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3. 0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. I. How Do I Analyze My Audience? Whenever mentation about your speech, it is perpetually a good idea to begin with a thorough awargonness of your audience and the many factors comprising that audience. In speech communication we obviously call this doing an audience analysis. An audience analysis is when you consider all of the pertinent elements defining the playup and characteristics of your audience. in that location be many elements to consider, too, such a s age, gender, education, occupation, language, ethnicity, culture, undercoat cognition, needs and interests, and previously held attitudes, beliefs, and trea genuines. Of line of credit, this is not an all-inclusive list. But, it does help you get a good general understanding of the demographics shaping up whom, precisely, you leave behind be addressing.From the Hellenic affix demo (of the people) we come to understand that demographics be detailed accounts of human population characteristics. These accounts be usually rendered as statistical population segments. Demographics argon widely used by advertising and public relations professionals to analyze specific audiences so that their products or ideas willing carry influence. However, all good public speakers consider the demographic characteristics of their audience, as well. It is a, if not the, playfulnessdamental stage of preparing for your speech.So now you may be saying to yourself Gee, thats great How do I go ab out analyzing my particular audience? Well, first you need to bop that there ar three overarching methods (or what we like to call paradigms) for doing an audience analysis (1) audience analysis by prep atomic number 18 observation, (2) audience analysis by proof, and (3) audience analysis through knowledge take in. Once you get to know how these methods work a situation better, you should be able to select which one (or even combination of these methods) is right for your pile.Audience Analysis by Direct Observation Audience analysis by direct observation, or direct experience, is, by far, the most simple of the three paradigms for getting the feel of a particular audience. It is a form of qualitative data gathering. We perceive it through one or to a greater extent of our five natural senseshearing, seeing, touching, tasting, and smelling. Knowledge that we win through mortalal experience has more impact on us than does knowledge that we learn indirectly. Knowledge ac quired from personal experience is overly more plausibly to affect our thought process and will be retained for a longer uttermost of time.We ar more likely to trust what we hear, see, feel, taste, and smell rather than what we learn from sulphurary sources of information. All you really need to do for this method of observation is to go through the broad composition of your audience working in its natural state. If you argon lucky enough to be able to do this before speaking to your audience, you will be able to gather whatever basic theoriseive data that will help you arrange your thoughts and arguments for your speech. One excellent way to become assured about your audience is to ask them about themselves.In its most basic form, this is data compileion. In the classroom situation, you should pass had ample time to get to know your chum classmates and become long-familiar with who they are on a personal level. Through class conversationsand your unmonitored small-gro up conversations before and after classyou will be able to get to know and appreciate each class member as some(a)(prenominal) a human being and an audience member. You will come to understand what interests them, convinces them, or even hazards them laugh.Do not discount even a simple form of data collection such as distributing a three- or four-item questionnaire before class. You might arouse interest and curiosity in your topic while you also gain valuable data. Knowledge acquired from personal experience is also more likely to affect our thinking and will be retained for a longer period of time. Clearly this cannot be done in every speaking situation, however. Often, we are required to give an unacquainted-audience presentation. Unacquainted-audience presentations are speeches where you are completely unfamiliar with the audience and its demographics.In these cases, it is always best to try and find more or less time to sit run through and talk with someone you trust (or e ven multiple parties) who might be familiar with the given audience. These confidantes can be very constructive in destiny you understand the context in which you will be speaking. You see, not understanding the basic demographic characteristics of an audience, or further, Who is it that I am going to be talk of the t consume to? that audiences beliefs, determine, or attitudes about a given topic, makes your presentation goals haphazard, at best.Look around the room at the people who will be auditory modality to your speech. What types of gender, age, ethnicity, and educational-level characteristics will you be appealing to? What expectations does your audience have for your presentation? These are all important questions you should be asking yourself before you begin doing your research and draught your outline. Who is it that I am going to be talking to? What, exactly, makes them, as listeners, tick? Audience Analysis by Inference Audience analysis by inference is merely a lo gical extension of your observations drawn in theWhat, exactly, makes them, as listeners, tick? method above. It is a form of critical thinking known as inductive reasoning, and an new(prenominal)wise form of qualitative data gathering. An inference is when you make a reasoned tentative conclusion or logical judgment on the basis of available evidence. It is best used when you can identify patterns in your evidence that indicate something is expected to happen again or should curtail avowedly based upon previous experiences. Do you need to learn how to interpret information and draw conclusions? Absolutely We make inferencesor reasonable assumptionsall the time.For example, when we hear someone speaking Arabic, we infer that they are from the Middle East. When we see this person carrying a copy of The Koran, we infer that they are also a follower of the Muslim trustingness. These are reasoned tentative conclusions that we make based upon the evidence available to us and our gene ral knowledge about people and their traits. When we reason, we make connections, distinctions, and predictions we use what is known or familiar to us to reach a conclusion about something that is unknown or unfamiliar for it to make sense. Granted, of course, inferences are sometimes wrong.Heres a familiar example Some of your classmates recommend a particular course to you, telling you that it is relatively simple. Youve heard similar things from other students, so you take the course and discover that they were, indeed, right. These same classmates recommend another course allegedly just as trouble-free as the last one. Only this time, you discover the opposite to be true. The course was insanely difficult. You inferred, or made a reasonable assumption based on information from your fellow classmates, that the course they recommended would be easy. Hey You arent alone in this regard.Everybody makes these types of mistakes. Its a normal part of processing information. Audience Ana lysis by Data Sampling Unlike audience analysis by direct observation and analysis by inference, audience analysis by data sampling uses statistical evidence to quantify and clarify the characteristics of your audience (data is the plural form of datum). These characteristics are also known as variables, and are assigned a numerical value so we can systematically collect and classify them. They are reported as statistics, also known as quantitative analysis or quantitative data collection.Statistics are numerical summaries of facts, figures, and research findings. Audience analysis by data sampling requires you to survey your audience before you give your speech. You need to know the basics of doing a survey before you actually collect and interpret your data. The Basic Questionnaire There are a great number of survey methods available to the speaker. However, we will cover three primary types in this member because they are utilized the most. The first type of survey method you sh ould know about is the basic questionnaire, which is a series of questions advanced to produce demographic and attitudinal data from your audience.You can easily gather information from your audience, using questions similar to these below My academic level in college I currently have no children 1 child 2 children 3 or more children I can best be classified as being Caucasian Black or African American Hispanic of Asian descent other My marital status is single married divorced/separated widowed These questions investigating more deeply into the psyche of your audience members, and will help you see where they stand on certain issues. reshman sophomore junior senior My age is less than 18 courses of age between 18-21 years of age between 21-25 years of age over 25 years of age Clearly, audience members should not be required to identify themselves by name on the basic questionnaire. Anonymous questionnaires are more likely to produce truthful information. Remember, all you are fe el for is a general read of your audience, you should not be looking for specific information about any respondent concerning your questionnaire in particular. It is a bulk sampling tool, only.While you can gather basic demographic data (as shown above) easily, we need to adjust our questions a bit more tightly, or ask more focused questions, in order to understand the audiences sensibilitys to think or act in certain ways For example, an attitudinal extension on the basic questionnaire might ask some of the following questions I regard myself as a conservative liberal socialist independent I moot that there is a graven image there is not a God there might be a God, but Im unsure none of the above These questions probe more deeply into the psyche of your audience members, and will help you see where they stand on certain issues. Of course, you may need to change these questions a bit to get to the heart of your specific topic. But, once you do, youll have a wealth of data at your disposal which, ultimately, will tell you how to work with your target audience.I believe that abortion is wrong, and should be illegal wrong, but should remain legal okay, but should be illegal okay, and should remain legal none of the above Value hierarchy by Ordered Categories Another method of finding out your audiences value set is to survey them according to their value hierarchy. A value hierarchy is a persons value structure placed in relationship to a given value set. The way to determine a persons value hierarchy is to use the ordered categories sampling method. In ordered categories, the surveyor lists a number of values on a piece of paper, and asks the respondent to order them on another piece of paper, according to their importance to the respondent (the respondent is the person who fills out the questionnaire).What occurs is that the respondent takes a series of values and, in turn, develops them into a concrete self-ordered The way to determine a persons value hier archy is to use the ordered categories sampling method. list. Each result is various, but when analyzed by the speaker, common themes will present themselves in the overall data. Accordingly, the speaker can then identify with those common value themes. cipher the example below for a given speech on homeland security initiatives Targeted Value Set Life Liberty Safety Freedom evaluator Family Faith Patriotism Democracy Likert-type Testing of Attitudes The final method of assessing your audiences attitudes deals with Likert-type probeing.Likert-type testing is when you make a statement, and ask the respondent to gauge the judgment of their sentiments toward that statement either positively, negatively, or neutrally. Typically, each scale will have 5 weighted response categories, being +2, +1, 0, -1, and -2. What the Likert-type test does, that other tests do not do, is measure the extent to which attitudes are held. See how the Likert-type test does this in the speech example on unsolicited email below UNSOLICITED EMAIL 1. unsolicited email should be illegal 2. Making unsolicited email illegal would be fundamentally unfair to businesses 3. Making unsolicited email illegal would be a violation of the First Amendment (Free Speech) 4. I usually delete unsolicited email before ever opening it 5.I sometimes open unsolicited email when I am bored Strongly Agree 1 Agree Neither agree nor disagree 3 Disagree Strongly Disagree 5 Ordered Value Set 1. Freedom 2. Democracy 3. Liberty 4. Safety 5. Justice 2 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 A small Likert-type test will tell you where your audience, generally speaking, stands on issues. As well, it will inform you as to the degree of the audiences beliefs on these issues. The Likert-type test should be used when attempting to assess a highly charged or polarizing issue, because it will tell you, in rough numbers, whether or not your audience agrees or disagrees with your planned advocacy. re your audience mem bers literally speech captives who have somehow been socially or systematically coerced into hearing you? II. The Five Layers of Audience Analysis No matter which of the above inquiry methods you choose to do your audience analysis, you will, at some point, need to direct your precaution to the five layers of audience analysis. These are the five layers through which you will learn to better appreciate your audience. Lets now examine these layers and understand the variables and constraints you should use to estimate your audiences information requirements. Layer 1 The Situational Analysis The situational audience analysis layer considers the situation for which your audience is gathered.This layer is primarily concerned with why your audience is assembled in the first place. Are they willingly gathered to hear you speak? Have your audience members paid to hear you? Or, are your audience members literally speech captives who have somehow been socially or systematically coerced into hearing you? These factors are decisively important, because they place a major responsibility upon you as a speaker, whichever the case. The entire tone of voice and agenda of your speech rests largely upon whether or not your audience even wants to hear from you. Many audiences are considered captive audiences in that they have no real choice regarding the matter of hearing a given speech. In general, these are some f the most difficult audiences to address because these members are being labored to listen to a centre and do not have the full exercise of their own free will. Consider for a moment when you have been called to a mandatory work meeting. Were you truly happy to listen to the speaker, in all honesty? Some might say yes, but usually most would rather be doing something else with their time. This is an important factor to keep in mind when preparing your speech some simply do not want to listen to a speech they believe is compulsory. The willful audience situation, in stark contrast, is completely different. A voluntary audience is willingly assembled to listen to a given message.As a rule, these audiences are much easier to address because they are interested in hearing the speech at go. To visualize how this works, reflect upon the last speech, concert, or show youve at break awayed of your own accord. While the event may or may not have lived up to your overall expectations, the very fact that you freely went to the occasion speaks volumes about your predisposition to listen toand perhaps even be persuaded bythe information being presented. Theres something else to be said about captive versus voluntary audiences, as well. Modern communication researchers have found that captive audiences are more heterogeneous and that voluntary audiences are more homogeneous.In other words, when captive audiences are gathered, the audience is typically heterogeneous or characterized by many demographic differences among individuals. On the other hand, wh en voluntary audiences assemble, by and large, they are populated by homogeneous groupings, or, audiences which are characterized more by their demographic similarities than their differences. Sometimes audiences are mixed in their situational settings, too. For instance, take the everyday classroom situation. While college is pronounced to be a voluntary listening situation in that students choose to attend higher education, many people in the college classroom environment sadly feel as if they are still trapped in school, and would rather be elsewhere. Obviously, this erception colors how information is being processedand in some cases, not being processed. On the other hand, some students in college are truly there by choice, and attentively seek out knowledge from their teacher-mentors. What results from this mixed audience situation is a hybridization captive-voluntary audience, with those who are only partially interested in what is going on in the classroom and those who are genuinely involved. Of course, this leaves you with a difficult set of circumstances when preparing for your class speeches. Both you and your professor are well aware that the audience you will be speaking to Would you be more inclined to talk to issues demeanor upon id not enroll in the course to hear from you, specifically. However, this difficulty of speaking to a hybrid captive-voluntary audience does present you with an excellent opportunity you will have the good fortune of speaking to people who do and do not, fully, want to hear from you. What a prospect You literally get to hone your speech skills on both types of audiences, thereby learning a skill set that many never get to exercise. You should begin this wonderful opportunity by considering ways to inform, persuade, and witticism a mixed situation audience. Think of it as a learning occasion, and youll do just fine. Layer 2 The Demographic Analysis those gender, age, and race qualities?The second layer of audience an alysis is human ecology. As mentioned before, demographics are literally a classification of the characteristics of the people. Whenever addressing an audience, it is generally a good idea to know about its age, gender, major, year in school, race, ethnicity, religious affiliation, et cetera. There are two steps in doing an accurate demographic analysis (1) the gathering of the demographic data, and (2) the reading of this demographic data. Sometimes, this information is gathered by the questionnaire sampling method, and is done formally. On other occasions, this information is already available in a database and is made available to the speaker.Some noteworthy speakers even have scouts who do demographic reconnaissance on an audience prior to a speaking event, and make ad hoc interpretations on that audience based upon signalize visual cues. For example, congresspersons and senators frequently make public appearances where they use stock speeches to appeal to certain audiences wi th specific demographic uniqueness. In order to know what type of audience he or she will be addressing, these politicians dispatch staff aides to an event to see how many persons of color, hecklers, and supporters will be in attendance. Of course, doing ad hoc interpretation of demographic characteristics is, indeed, more an art form than a science. Still, it is a common practice among many professional speakers.Consider for a moment how valuable knowing that your audience will be mostly female, between the ages of 25 and 40, pre superiorly married, and Caucasian, could be to you as a public speaker. Would you change your message to fit this demographic? Would you be more inclined to talk to issues bearing upon those gender, age, and race qualities? Or, would you keep your message the same, no matter the audience to whom you were addressing? Frankly, the smart speaker would shift his or her message to lodge to the audience. And, in a nutshell, thats the purpose of doing demographi cs to embed within your message the acceptable parameters of your audiences range of needs.This, of course, raises an extremely important estimable issue for the modern speaker. Given the ability to do demographic data analysis and interpretation of an audience, does a speaker shift his or her message to chat up to the audience entirely? Or, on the other hand, does a speaker not shift his or her message so as to remain true to his or her motives? It is a delicate balancing act, for certain. Demographic information not only has the ability to truly enlighten a speaker, it also has the ability to modify a speakers original intent. Only you will be able to alleviate the tension between a speakers need to adapt to an audience and his or her need to remain true to form.Some political critics have even argued that our modern leadership no longer leads, it merely speaks according to demography and issue polls. Layer 3 Psychological Description On Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values Unless you r selected speech topic is a complete mystery to your audience, your listeners will already hold attitudes, beliefs, and values toward the ideas you will inevitably present. As a result, it is always important to know where your audience stands on the issues you plan to address ahead of time. The best way to accomplish this is to sample your audience with a quick questionnaire or survey prior to the event. This is known as the third layer of audience analysis, or mental description.There are three things you seek to identify when performing a description the audiences (1) attitudes, (2) beliefs, and (3) values. They are your calculated allies it is always important to know where your audience stands on the issues you plan to address ahead of time. in understanding how your audience thinks. 1. Attitudes What exactly is an attitude? In basic terms, an attitude is a knowledgeable disposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a person, an ob ject, an idea, or an event. Attitudes come in different forms. You are very likely to see an attitude present itself when someone says that they are pro or anti something.But, above all else, attitudes are learned and not inevitably enduring. Attitudes can change, and sometimes do, whereas beliefs and values do not shift as easily. Lets examine a sample list of attitudes below Pro-war Anti-affirmative action Pro-choice Pro-business Anti-discrimination Anti-war Anti-slavery Pro-gaming Anti-government Pro-capital punishment Pro-diversity Pro-life Anti-gambling Anti-drugs Anti-capital punishment These are just a small range of issues that one can either be for or against. And, while we are simplifying the social scientific idea of an attitude considerably here, these examples serve our purposes well. Remember, attitudes are not as durable as beliefs and values.But, they are good indicators of how people view the persons, objects, ideas, or events that shape their world. 2. Beliefs Be liefs are doctrines. Beliefs are more durable than attitudes because beliefs are hinged to ideals and not issues. For example, you may believe in the principle what goes around comes around. If you do, you believe in the notion of karma. And so, you may align your behaviors to be consistent with this belief philosophy. You may not engage in unethical or negative behavior because you believe that it will come back to you. Likewise, you may try to exude behaviors that are ethical and positive because you wish for this behavior to return, in kind. You may not think this at all, and believe quite the opposite.Either way, there is a belief in operation driving what you think. Lets now turn to examine some sample beliefs The world was created by God. Marijuana is an addictive gateway drug. Ghosts are all around us. Smoking causes cancer. Anyone can acquire HIV. Evolution is fact, not fiction. Marijuana is neither addictive nor harmful. Ghosts are products of our imagination. Sm oking does not cause cancer. Only high- jeopardy groups acquire HIV. 3. Values A value, on the other hand, is a guiding belief that regulates our attitudes. Values are the core principles driving our attitudes. If you probe into someones attitudes and beliefs deep enough, you will inevitably find an underlying value.Importantly, you should also know that we structure our values in accordance to our own value hierarchy, or mental schema of values placed in order of their relative individual importance. Each of us has our own values that we subscribe to and a value hierarchy that we use to navigate the issues of the world. Truth be known, we really arent even aware that we have a value hierarchy until some of our values come in direct conflict with we make decisions small and grand, based from our value hierarchies. each other. Then, we have to negotiate something called cognitive dissonance, or the mental stress caused by the choice we are forced to make between two considerable al ternatives. For example, lets assume that you value having fun a great deal. You like to party with your friends and truly enjoy yourself.And, in this day and age, who doesnt? However, as a young adult now experiencing a significant amount of independence and personal freedom at college, you have many life options at your disposal. Lets also say that some of your close personal friends are doing drugs. You are torn. Part of you wants to experience the fun that your close friends may be experiencing but, the more sane part of you wants to responsibly decline. In honesty, you are juxtaposed between two of your own valueshaving fun and being responsible. This real life example is somewhat exaggerated for your benefit. Realize that we make decisions small and grand, based from of our value hierarchies.Lets look at some basic values common to people around the world Accomplishment Aesthetics Authority Competency Creativity Learning Flexibility Health liberty Intellectual stimulation Lei sure Material Status Peace Power Security Teamwork Layer 4 Multiethnical Audience Analysis Demography (as defined in Layer 2) looks at issues of race and ethnicity in a basic sense. However, we believe that in our increasingly diverse society, it is worthy to pay particular attention to the issue of speaking to a multicultural audience. Odds are that both your classroom audience and any real world audience that you encounter will have an underlying multicultural dimension.As a speaker, you need to recognize that the perspective you have on any given topic may not necessarily be shared by all of the members of your audience. Therefore, it is imperative that you become a culturally effective speaker. Culturally effective speakers develop the capacity to appreciate other cultures and acquire the necessary skills to speak effectively to people with diverse ethnic backgrounds. Keep these issues ever-present in your mind Language Many people speak different languages, so if you are transl ating words or phrases, make sure that your translations are correct and that you are using concrete language instead of wear or jargon, which can be confusing.Advancement Affiliation Broadminded Competition Economic Return Family Freedom Helping others Influence Intellectual status Loyalty Moral fulfilment Physical work Prestige Self-expression Variety Adventure Appearance Community Cooperation Education Fast Pace Friendship Honesty Integrity Leadership watchfulness Order Pleasure Recognition Travel Wisdom Cognition Realize that different cultures have different cultural-cognitive processes, or nub of looking at the very concept of logic itself. Accordingly, gauge your audience as to their diverse ways of thinking and be sensitive to these differing logics. Ethnocentricity Do not assume that your culture is dominant or better than other cultures. Ethnocentrism is the belief that ones own culture or ethnicity is superior to others. Remember that, in many cases, you will be appeal ing to people from other cultures. Ethnocentric viewpoints have the tendency to drive a wedge between youKnowing that culture does play a major persona in interactions between you and your audience is a good step in becoming an effective communicator. and your audience. Values differ greatly Not only do individuals have value systems of their own, but societies promote value systems, as well. Keep in mind the fact that you will be appealing to value hierarchies that are socially-laden, as well as those that are individually-borne. Communication movements differ greatly While you are trying to balance these language, cognition, cultural, and value issues, you should also recognize that some cultures prefer a more animated delivery style than do others.The intelligent speaker will understand this, and adapt his or her verbal and communicative delivery accordingly. Audience Analysis and the Multicultural Audience Todays speakers face many cultural challenges. These challenges includ e ethnocentrism, stereotyping, verbal and communicatory misinterpretations, differences in information processing, and translation difficulties. Ideally, it would be wonderful to be able to master every culture and language, but we cannot be superhuman. Still, there are some universal cultural attributes you can identify through audience analysis that will give you a basic understanding about your multicultural audience.Knowing that culture does play a major role in interactions between you and your audience is a good step in becoming an effective communicator. The key is for you to find alternative approaches to delivering your message, with both verbal and nonverbal elements of communication, that are more in line with your audiences cultural instincts. There are three areas of cultural orientation we will explore (1) cognitive styles how we organize and process information (2) decision-making what we accept as evidence and (3) communication patterns how we communicate verbally a nd nonverbally. 1. Cognitive Styles The word cognitive means thought. So, cognitive styles refers to thought patterns.Studies of cognitive styles suggest that people fall into open-minded and closed-minded categories. The openminded person seeks out information before making a decision. They are more likely to see the relatedness of issues. They admit that they dont have all of the answers, and they need to learn more before they can draw a conclusion. The closed-minded person has tunnel-visionhe or she sees only a narrow range of data and ignores the rest. They accept information only if it conforms to their established mindset. Another aspect of cognitive styles is how people process information. We divide such processing into associative and abstractive characteristics. A person who thinks associatively is filtering ew data through the screen of personal experience, such as in direct observation. New data can be understood only in terms of similar past experiences. This persons mind is generally closed to all information that does not reflect established values. Individuals that display abstractive characteristics think very analytically, and concepts are absorbed quickly. Innovation often takes precedence over tradition. So you can see how understanding these differences will help you develop your speech. And a third cognitive process is how we actually link information in a kitchen range to come to a conclusion or decision. Generally, there are two types of thinking one-dimensional and systemic.Linear thinking means that we process information by creating an associative link, that is, we first begin with A, then go to B, then to C, and so on, until we have created a chain of reason in order to come to a conclusion. Individuals who process information systemically consider all of the information at one time, mulling it over. This type of person may holistically consider A, B, C, and D, at the same time in order to come to a conclusion. Each type of cog nitive process requires a different style of organization and delivery of your speech. The trick is to know how If they think that you are a plausible speaker, chances are you can influence their decision-making process. and when to use both styles, and thats where audience analysis comes in. 2.Decision-making Members of different cultures arrive at decision-making in different ways. These ways can be described as faith, fact, and feeling. The person who acts on the basis of faith is using a belief system which can be a religion or political ideology. Presenting facts in your speech that do not reflect religious or political beliefs can be a waste of time. His or her faith operates independently from facts. People who believe in facts want to see evidence to support your position. They can be the most predictable to persuade. People tend to accept scientific evidence rather than question or jib it. And finally, people who believe in feelings are the most common throughout the worl d.These are the people who go with their gut instincts. If they think that you are a credible speaker, and they develop a liking for you, chances are you can influence their decision-making process. 3. Communication Patterns Verbal Communication Each culture has a system for communicating. Hall has indicated that these systems can fall into two categories low-contextual communication and high-contextual communication. Cultures that express themselves in a high-context communication system emphasize how intention or meaning can best be conv oculusd through the context (e. g. , social roles or positions) and the nonverbal channels (e. g. , pauses, silence, tone of voice) of the verbal message.The high-context system is also known as an indirect verbal style, or indirect communication, verbal statements tend to camouflage the speakers actual intentions and are carried out in a softer tone of voice. Rules for speaking and behavior are unuttered in the context. What this means is that much of the communication is expressed through nonverbal behaviora slight nod of the head, a simple hand apparent movement as acknowledgement, a brief smile. Compare this to a low context communication system, where exchange of facts and information is stressed. Information is given primarily in words and meaning is best expressed explicitly. The lowcontext system is also known as a direct verbal style, or direct communication, verbal statements tend to reveal the speakers intentions with clarity and are enunciated with a forthright tone of voice.Generally speaking, low-context communication (LCC) refers to communication patterns of direct verbal orientation straight talk, nonverbal immediacy, and sender-oriented values (i. e. , the sender assumes the responsibility to communicate clearly). In the LCC system, the speaker is expected to be responsible for constructing a clear, persuasive message that the listener can trace easily. In comparison, high-context communication (HCC) re fers to communication patterns of indirect verbal orientation self-humbling talk, nonverbal subtleties, silence, and interpreter-sensitive values (i. e. , the receiver or interpreter of the message assumes the responsibility to infer the abstruse or contextual meanings of the message).In the HCC system, the listener or interpreter of the message is expected to read between the lines, to accurately infer the implicit intent of the verbal message, and to decrypt the nonverbal subtleties that accompany the verbal message. Nonverbal Communication As the global village continues to shrink and cultures co-mingle, it is essential for public speakers to become more sensitive, more aware, and more observant to the nearly limitless numbers of motions, motions, and body language that surround us every day. And as we cross over cultural borders, we should learn to respect, learn, and understand more about them. Nonverbal communication is a powerful form of human expression. It is everywhere.P eople all over the world use their hands, heads, and bodies to communicate expressively. Nonverbal messages are often the primary means of relating our emotions, our attitudes, and the nature of our relationships with oth- Eye sink in is an important channel of communication. ers. Nonverbal messages can express what verbal messages cannot express and are imitation to be more truthful than verbal messages. Some major areas of nonverbal behaviors include eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, posture and body orientation, proximity, paralinguistics, and humor. Eye contact is an important channel of communication. It signals interest in others and for some, eye contact with your audience increases the speakers credibility.Youve heard the statement Look at me when Im speaking to you, or you are taught in public speaking to make eye contact with your audience. This is another culturally dependent orientation. Among the Japanese, one way to show that you are listening is to close th e eyes in contemplation and nod the head slightly, up and down. The Japanese are not ignoring the speaker nor are they taking a nap. It is one way to show concentration and attentiveness. The Japanese prefer indirect eye contact they avoid direct or prolonged eye contact as mush as possible. Making eye contact with your audience is important, but knowing who to make that eye contact with is equally as important.Remember, some audience members expect you to look them directly into their eyes, while others may prefer indirect eye contact. What about something as simple as a hand gesture say the thumbs up with a closed fist? In the U. S. it can mean support or approval, O. K. or Good think over It is also used for hitch-hiking in the U. S. In France this same gesture means zero. In Japan it means money or coins. In Nigeria it is a unmannered gesture. In Australia, if pumped up and down, is an obscene gesture, and in Germany and Japan it is the signal for one. Heres where you walk a fine lineif you fail to gesture while speaking, you may be perceived as boring, stiff, and unanimated.A somewhat lively and animated delivery may entertain your audience and demonstrate your confidence about your knowledge of the speech material. On the other hand, if you emphasize certain nonverbal gestures that one or more segments of your audience find offensive, you may wind up alienating them. We can make some general assumptions about Low-Contextual and High-Contextual cultures. The exchange of facts and information is stressed with members of Low-Context cultures. Information is given primarily in words and meaning is expressed explicitly. There is a stress on task performance, and the communication style is considered to be unemotional and impersonal, with a high degree of objectivity.Low-Context individuals are also everyday communicators, where dispensing with ceremony and rigid protocol is accepted, if not the norm. Reasoning is deductive based on theory and logic. And members prefer analytical thinking, which breaks problems into small chunks. Direct eye contact is expected from both the speaker and audience. In High-Context cultures, shared experience makes certain things understood without them needed to be stated explicitly. Rules for speaking and behaving are implicit in the context, as is the preference for implicit communication. The communication style is emotive and personal, with a high degree of subjectivity and a stress on relationships. There is a high emphasis on protocol and social customs.Reasoning is based on experience and experimentation, with a preference for holistic thinking that is focused on the big picture and interrelationships between components. Indirect eye contact is expected from both speaker and audience. Remember that no two people behave in precisely the same way. Nor do people from the same culture perform exactly the same gestures and body language uniformly. For almost any nonverbal gesture there will probably be someone within a given culture who might say, Well, some might attach that meaning to it, but to me it means and then they will provide a different interpretation. It is not only what you say in your speech that is important, but its how you say it that can make a difference to a multicultural audience.Gestures and body language communicate as effectively as words, and at times, even more so. Do we expect other cultures to adopt our customs or are we willing to adopt theirs? We may not have time to study a language, but taking time to learn the nonverbal signals is a powerful communicator. We want to create a safe, inclusive environment for all audience members. Even though we have these cultural differences, people come together because they share similar interests. The success of your speech depends upon you, your research, and the quality and accura- you want to put your best work forward, and let your audience see your confidence and preparation smooth out through. cy of y our information.Remember, communication always takes place between individuals, not cultures, but understanding cultural orientations will always help you become an effective speaker. Without nonverbal communication, our world would be static and colorless. Layer 5 Topic Interest and Prior Knowledge Analysis Finally, you want to query your audience for their interest in, and prior knowledge of, your topic. If the goal of your speech is to deliver a unique and stirring presentation (and it should be), it would make perfect sense to know ahead of time if your audience (1) is interested in what you have to say, and (2) has any prior knowledge regarding your topic.It stands to reason that you do not want to give a boring or trite speech. That much is clear. Instead, you want to put your best work forward, and let your audience see your confidence and preparation shine through. And, it also stands to reason that you dont want to make a speech that your audience already knows a lot about. So, your job here is to test your topic by sampling your audience for their topic interest and topic knowledge. Defined, topic interest is the significance of the topic to a given audience oftentimes related precisely to the uniqueness of a speakers topic. Likewise, topic knowledge is the general amount of information that the audience possesses on a given topic.These are not mere definitions listed for the sake of argument these are essential analytical components of effective speech construction. Unlike multicultural audience analysis, evaluating your audiences topic interest and topic knowledge is a fairly simple task. There are two ways to go about doing this (1) through informal question and answer dialogue in class, or (2) more formally through an actual survey. Either way, it is best to have some information, rather than none at all. Imagine if you will, the laundry list of topics that people have heard over and over and over, ad nauseam. You can probably name some yourself , right now, without giving it much thought.If you started listing some topics to yourself, please realize that this is the point of this theatrical role of this module your audience is literally thinking the same exact thing you are. Given that, topic preparation is strategically important to your overall speech success. Again, do not underestimate the power of asking your audience whether or not your topic actually interests them. If you find that many people are not interested in your topic, or already know a lot about it, you have just saved yourself from a potentially mind-numbing exercise. After all, do you really want to give a speech where your audience could care less about your topicor even worse they know more about the topic than you do yourself? Not at allThe purpose of this section is to help you search for the highly sought-after public speaking concept called uniqueness, or when a topic rises to the level of being singularly exceptional in interest and knowledge to a given audience. We know that you wish to excel in giving your speech, and indeed you shall. But first, lets make sure that your audience is turned on by your topic and hasnt already heard the subject matter so much that they, themselves, could give the speech without much (if any) preparation. One final note Theres an old adage in communication studies that reasons know what you know know what you dont know and, know the difference between the two. In other words, dont use puffery to blind your audience about your alleged knowledge on a particular subject. Remember, there is likely to be someone in your audience who knows as much about your topic, if not more, than you do. If you get caught trying to field an humiliating question, you might just lose the most important thing you have as a speaker your credibility. If you know the answer, respond accordingly. If you do not know the answer, respond accordingly. But, above all, try and be a resource for your audience. They expect yo u to be something of a de facto expert on the topic you choose to address. Conclusion Obviously, when thinking about what kind of topic you are going to select, it is compulsory for you to keep your audience in mind.Not doing so will put your speech at risk of not corresponding Fail to plan, plan to fail. with the information needs of your audience and further jeopardize your credibility as a speaker. In this module, we have cover (I) how to analyze an audience and (II) the five layers of audience analysis. In sum, this information equips you with the foundational knowledge and skill-set required to ensure that your topic complements your audience. And, after all, if we are not adapting to meet the needs of our audience, we are not going to be informative or convincing speakers. Theres a contemporary maxim that runs strong Fail to plan, plan to fail. We, your authors, believe that if you have failed to fully consider the nature, make-up, and characteristics of your audience, you ar efor all intents and purposesneglecting the spirit of the public speaking exercise. Confidently speaking to audiences can be somewhat addictive. The experience, when correctly executed, can be empowering and help you succeed personally and professionally throughout your life. But, you must consider whom you are addressing first, and take their every requirement into account. We are conjugate to, joined with, if not bound by, our audiences. And, your main speaking ambition should be to seek identification with them, and for them to, likewise, seek identification with you. Works Consulted Bem, D. J. (1970).Beliefs, attitudes, and human affairs. Belmont, CA allow/Cole Pub. Co. Benjamin, B. (1969). Demographic analysis. New York Praeger. Caernarven-Smith, P. (1983). Audience analysis & response (1st ed. ). Pembroke, MA Firman Technical Publications. Clevenger, T. (1966). Audience analysis. Indianapolis Bobbs-Merrill. Colburn, C. W. , & Weinberg, S. B. (1981). Listening and audience a nalysis (2nd ed. ). Chicago acquirement Research Associates. Gibson, J. W. , & Hanna, M. S. (1976). Audience analysis a programmed approach to receiver behavior. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice-Hall. Hayes, A. (1994). The role of culture in demographic analysis a preliminary investigation.Canberra Australian field of study University, Research School of Social Sciences. Jastrow, J. (1918). The psychology of conviction a study of beliefs and attitudes. Boston New York Houghton Mifflin. Jaszczolt, K. (2000). The pragmatics of propositional attitude reports. Oxford New York Elsevier. McQuail, D. (1997). Audience analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA apt Publications. Nelson, N. , & De Saulles, T. (1993). Signs and symbols. New York Thomson Learning. Pressat, R. (1972). Demographic analysis methods, results, applications. Chicago Aldine-Atherton. Rokeach, M. (1968). Beliefs, attitudes, and values a theory of organization and change (1st ed. ). San Francisco Jossey-Bass.Ting-Toomey. S & Chung , L. C. (2005). Understanding intercultural communication. Los Angeles Roxbury Publishing. Tucker, K. T. Weaver, II, R. L. Berryman-Fink, C. (1981). Research in speech communication. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice-Hall. Youga, J. M. (1989). The elements of audience analysis. New York Macmillan. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3. 0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http//creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3. 0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.

Ict and Disaster Risk Reduction: National and International Perspectives

The assignment encompasses the idea of ICT and its determination in subject area and global perspective. ICT integration in tragedy Risk Reduction is a contemporary idea. Disaster losses back tooth be some-fold reduced if it seat integrate technologies with it. ICT can serve in a broader scheme when it comes to catastrophe risk reduction. The motto of this assignment is to narrate ICTs contribution internationally and comp ar it with national DRR measures. The data that are used in here are thirdhand data.Key words ICT, DRR, National, International.INTRODUCTIONDue to the geographic location and geological cliquetings, Bangladesh has to endure several life-threatening catastrophes (Islam et al. 2014). Previous disasters snatched so many valuable lives and destroyed a huge amount of property. In this scenario, it is imperative to think ab break through measures that incorporate technologies in disaster schemes. Access to proper, reliable, by the bye information assists to a g reat extent in all phases of a disaster. Without reliable information, people often end up guessing a sketchy situation which leads to an uncertain situation (Wattegama 2014). ICTs pass water their own advantages that effectively serve in the arena of Disaster Risk Reduction (ADPC n.d.).During disaster, receiving proper information becomes unrivaled of the basic needs. Proper respond requires correct and timely information dissemination. Thus, technology/ICT can serve in this arena rather than dissemination information manually. Recently, in that location is a growing awareness regarding incorporating ICT in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). ICT can help in shifting paradigm from conventional to comprehensive (Hasan and Ayub 2015). true policy recognizes the importance of ICT in DRR per se, Hyogo Framework for Action (ADPC n.d.). ICT provides the scope for proper coordination, management, relief distribution, search and rescue and so on.Although Bangladesh is a disaster prone count ry, it has shape an example in shifting the paradigm of disaster where ICT plays a role. ICT has contributed to shape the knowledge regarding disaster, disaster risk (Hasan and Ayub 2015). But in spite of having an infrastructural line up, on that point is no comprehensive system that designates roles and responsibilities among diverse organizations.PROBLEM STATEMENTThough ICT is a very important mother fucker regarding reduce disaster risk, in that respect are some limitations for which it cannot serve properly. First, there is a severe deficiency of experienced personnel to operate technological sector. Second, a lot of acts are stated but government is reluctant to decree them all. Third, there are not enough backup plans in berth of power loss occurs. Because without power, most of the tools will not come in handy. Forth, a mass people are out of reaching the meteorological data, forecasting due to lack of medium.RATIONALE OF THE STUDYThe assignment is carried out with a view to acknowledging the existing exemplar of ICT in the arena of Disaster Risk Reduction. With adequate references, it compares national and international scheme of DRR and role of ICT in this regard. As the concern of ICT is increasing with the pace of DRR in present time it is essential to compare ICT in national DRR with international perspective.RESEARCH QUESTIONSThe following research questions were taken into account while doing the assignment. These are What are the afoot(predicate) ICT tools that are in use in DRR of Bangladesh and other countries? Is it possible to bring new dimensions in existing DRR pattern of Bangladesh?RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe objectives are the following To hurt an overview of ICT in DRR in national and international perspective. To suggest some ideas comparing the upper two perspectives.LITERATURE REVIEWDisaster cannot be eliminated totally but the loss due to it can be minimized (Hasan and Ayub 2015). For effective DRR, it needs special attentio n from all sectors. ICT can help in this regards. It can play a pivotal role for reducing disaster risk. in that location are some traditional channels and emerging channels to serve in this regard (Wattegama 2014). Bangladesh gained its popularity in the sector of Disaster Management for shifting into proactive measures from reactive measures. This was possible due to largely focusing on early warning, preparedness, welfare of people, reducing vulnerabilities and so on.Complexity and uncertainty is a part of eliminating disaster risk (Hasan and Ayub 2015). It varies with different context, type, distance, time. So, collecting and analyzing data manually is a comparatively hard job (Yap 2011). There ICT plays a monumental role to highlight the risk zones, formulate different simulations to understand about upcoming extreme events.Early warning beforehand a disaster was real with the help of mobile phone, radio/community radio, television, different software, satellite based data , GIS, remote sensing both nationally and internationally (Hasan and Ayub 2015). Among them radio, television, mobile phone is label as the most valid tool. Because, hardly all the countries have access to internet as most of them are ontogeny countries. But again they have some drawbacks- if they are switched off people remain in dark about the upcoming disaster (Yap 2011).Satellite-based communication system can come in handy when ground internet, network is not at work. In Asian region, Thaicoms IPStar satellite has established for the broadest service network (Wattegama 2014). Bangladesh should make the best use out of it during disasters. The Indian Ocean tsunami (December 2004) made the world astonished.There was next to no warning measures and thousands of people were suddenly in front of giant killer waves. In the aftermath of the tsunami, several international meetings have been held and they came to a conclusion. That is to build to Multi Hazard Early Warning System in t he regime of South-East Asia. Later Bangladesh excessively showed interest to this early warning system (Wattegama 2014).Lanka Software Foundation founded discharge and open source based software named Sahana. Which helped to find missing person demonstrate electronic bulletin, organized donor organization, keep a virtual record of temporary camp, shelter. So, technology can help immensely when it comes to disaster.A disaster database DesInventar that stores up to 30 years of data helped 17 countries of North and South America. Later, inspired by this Orissa (India) created a database that contains data from 1970s. Again, the India Disaster imagination Network (IDRN) is a web-enabled and GIS-based national database that collects and stores information such as different organizational expertise, details of equipment. So that, they can be mobilized quickly in the time of response (Wattegama 2014).A case study shows that during Haiti earthquake in 2010, the distressed people could send a SMS out of cost to the Haitian diaspora community. Then the outside community added location and passed it to different organizations, NGOs to accommodate relief for them. This set an example for two-way communication, which is very much significant during disaster. But this measure is indifferent from Bangladeshs disaster scheme (ADPC n.d.). Also, GIS is flourishing computer programme in DRR for creating baseline information for risk assessments. But due to lack of experts, the sector is remained untouched.In Bangladesh, National ICT Policy was enacted in 2009 and there is a enormous range of activities are stated with a view to protect citizens through effective ICT management. It comprises reote sensing technologies for disaster management and mitigation, SMS based disaster warning system, businesslike relief management and post-disaster activities monitoring, GIS based systems to monitor flood cyclone shelters, GIS based systems to ensure equitable distribution of re lief goods and identify hard to reach areas and so on (MSICT 2009).Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization (SPARRSO), Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), Flood Forecasting Warning Centre (FFWC), Center for Environmental and Geographic data Services (CEGIS), Institute for Water Modeling (IWM) and other organization work relentlessly in DRR sector with the help of technology in Bangladesh (MSICT 2009). And they are laborious to add new dimension in early warning system as a part of disaster risk reduction.RESEARCH GAPBangladesh is lagged behind when it comes to technological advancement. There is much opportunity to contribution in this section. For example, in the previous section, there is mentioned about the two-way communication system that helped Haitian distressed people. As that is absent from Bangladesh DRR implementation, it could be introduced from a new angle. Two way communications cannot help only during disaster, but also in pre-disaster situation. There could be a free portal/line that would only take suggestions, complaints regarding the existent problem for a specific society.METHODOLOGYThe assignment is conducted by reviewing and using secondary sources. The assignment mostly followed the researches, papers, articles where secondary data are used immensely and qualitative in manner. Conceptualization was the first step doing this assignment. A mind map was created while selecting and reviewing the data. The data were roll up in the manner that supports the idea of the topic.CONCLUSIONICT is only a tool that can be used for mitigate, preparedness, response purpose. The effect of ICT lies in how it is used for reducing disaster risk. This is the key challenge. Again, most of the disaster prone countries are developing countries. They have little access to internet other than radio, television. In this situation it is difficult to set an ICT-based DRR system.Some governments are also negligent when it comes to incorporate ICT in the national disaster scheme. It is time to realize that ICT is not only a mere tool actually it can serve in a broader sense for reducing disaster risk and achieving sustainable future. It can be beneficial to all relate stakeholders, non government- government bodies, donor agencies and more. An all out effort should be made for proper cooperation and coordination, building experts and last but not the least mainstream technology in the existing disaster risk reduction practices.ReferencesAsian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) n.d., ICT for Disaster Risk Management, viewed on 11 October, 2018, link https//www.preventionweb.net/files/47520_ictfordisasterriskmanagement.pdfAyo, CK, Adeboye, AB and Gbadeyan JA 2011, Application of ICT to Resource and Disaster Management, Sustainable Development and Environmental Protection, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 77-86.Hassan, M and Ayub, A 2015,Role of ICT in natural disaster management of Bangladesh (Doctoral dissertation, BRAC University).Islam, AR MT, Tasnuva, A, Islam, MT and Haque, MR 2014, Management come on to Disaster Scenerio in Bangladesh An Overview, Int. J. Sci. Res. Pub, vol.4, no. 3, pp. 1-7.Ministry of Science and Information Communication Technology (MSICT) Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, 2009, National ICT Policy 2009, July 2009Wattegama, C 2014, ICT for disaster management.Yap, NT 2011, Disaster management, developing country communities & climate change The role of ICTs,Manchester Report, eds. R, Heeks and A, Ospina for IDRC, Centre for Development Informatics, Insitute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester.