Literature Review Dogs’ Stress Indicators Research - 2475 Words

Literature Review: Dogs' Stress Indicators Research (Essay Sample) Content: Literature Review: Dogs Stress IndicatorsAuthors NameInstitutional AffiliationLiterature Review: Dogs Stress IndicatorsThis literature review analyses existing understandings regarding the various methods in use for studying the stressors affecting various animals in captive environments. The review highlights the various breakthroughs in the field as well as challenges facing both new and existing approaches. In the review, the researcher introduces the findings from various research attempts that analyze various aspects of animal behavior, environmental influences, and enrichment strategies as well as the measurement tools that current approaches find helpful for the purposes of their analyses. This will enable the study to develop a baseline for the subsequent research and enable the inclusion of updated and comprehensive understandings of dogs behavior and the associated methods of influencing alternative outcomes.Environmental Influences and EnrichersRegardless o f the location of their interactions, humans and animals are subject to the environments in which they operate. Bowman et al. (2015) introduce the prospects of the influence that these environments have on animals behaviors, whereby making changes to these conditions also results in variations in behavior. The domestication factor is a primary contributor to the sharing of environments between human beings and animals, which introduces animals such as dogs and horses to living with people under controlled conditions. Here, the issue of control becomes imperative since Elmgreen (2010) notes that the domestic nature of these animals also means that any negative behaviors also have the potential to affect the people in the vicinity as well. To this effect, Douglas et al. (2012) posit that the emotional states of the animals in domestic environments are a vital component of their suitability for their individual roles, thereby necessitating a disciplined approach to understanding and gu iding them for better outcomes. This also lends credence to analyses seeking to enhance the human-animal relationship to improve the latter groups integration into the formers lives while reducing the stressors that can result in conflict.Mendl, Burman, and Paul (2010) posit that understanding animal emotions has ramifications for various scientific fields including animal welfare science, pharmacology, and neuroscience as well as pain research among others. However, the field also has various gaps in knowledge such as in understandings regarding short and long-term emotional states (Mendl, et al., 2010). In light of this, the study of behavior in dogs has the ability to benefit from additional research efforts since as Udell, Dorey, and Wynne (2010) discuss, the responsiveness of domestic dogs to actions by their human counterparts suggests the existence of social cognition capabilities that resemble ours. However, the research notes that the lack of empirical support from addition al studies on the subject as well as the influence of experiential learning can influence the results of an analysis that does not consider these variables (Dantas-Divers, et al., 2011). Therefore, it is imperative for research on the behaviors of domesticated animals such as Canis Familiaris to account for the fact that human actions influence animal behaviors, thereby creating the foundation for evaluative environments with considerations for these human-animal interactions.The environmental factor in analyzing animal behavior paves the way for research by Bowman et al. (2015) which debates the capacity for behavioral adjustment in animals by making changes to their environments. For instance, Dallaire et al. (2011) found that behavioral changes for maladaptive traits in farmed mink showed better results when they targeted abnormal behaviors through patterning. Although the research did find pronounced changes when they used perseveration strategies such as repeated and alternated task frequencies, the environmental variations had fewer benefits for these animals. However, the study also acknowledged that the captive environments have varying ramifications for various animals and their disinhibited nature in the presence of humans. Roberts, Taylor, and de Leaniz (2011) also add that other species such as fish also show maladaptive behaviors in the presence of human interventions, whereby the lack of predators in controlled environments can affect their affinity for risk negatively and reduce their chances of survival. This indicates that the human element in animals environments plays a vital role in determining their behavior due to the abstraction from the animals normative environments.As companion animals, there is extensive research on the issues affecting dogs and their domestication. The need for better understandings of their behaviors led scientists to analyze the influence of kenneled environments, with Kogan, Schoenfeld-Tacher, and Simon (2012) po inting out that these confinements result in psychogenic stressors that negatively affect dogs behaviors. Bowman et al. (2015) add that for institutions such as public shelters, the inability to offer individualized treatment to these animals due to funding and practicality issues necessitates the use of rehabilitative strategies that do not place a strain on these resources. Morris, Gradrin, and Irlbeck (2011) also propose that the housing aspect can have a reduced impact on animals behaviors if they have the necessary training and enrichment programs in place to aid in their emotional development. In fact, these benefits are not restricted to the use of these strategies for dogs since as Poessel et al. (2011) note, the addition of environmental enrichments has positive effects on the behavior, reproductive function, and disease prevalence of other animals such as ferrets living outside of their natural habitats. The increasing number of shelter animals leads to a need for better c age-based management strategies, such as the use of operant conditioning to influence positive behavior and allow the provision of adequate care to these animals in confined spaces (Herron, Kirby-Madden, Lord, 2014). Even in non-shelter environments, the need to allow animals to conform to their normative behaviors remains just as crucial. As Herron and Buffington (2010; 2012) highlight in an earlier piece, environmental adjustments can result in positive behavioral modifications for various animals by meeting their needs, such as supplying cats with scratching posts and chew toys to allow them to conform to their natural behaviors. Even for wild dogs, enrichment programs that provide them with play toys, scents, hidden foods, and blood trails allow them to exercise their natural inclinations, which is essential in influencing active behavior (Price, 2010; Pullen, Merrill, Bradshaw, 2010). The results recorded in these and other post-enrichment scenarios indicate that strategies t hat bring targeted changes to animals, including those in confined environments, have the potential to improve outcomes and reactions to stressors for these animals.Anderson, Arun, and Jensen (2010) present the benefits of environmental enrichment programs that focus on habituating animals to continuous interactions with behavioral modification stimuli. As highlighted, the resource allocation directed towards animal rehabilitation strategies means a reduced capacity to develop targeted programs for individual animals. However, the need for long-term solutions requires strategies that can apply to a broad range of cases. Dingemanse et al. (2010) propose that animals individual responsiveness to changes in their environments also means that the positive results of behavioral reforms for one animal do not necessarily mean the applicability of these strategies in all normative scenarios. However, the research also indicates that the application of behavioral reaction criteria can apply across cases, thereby resulting in positive outcomes of different magnitudes depending on the personalities of the animals under review (Salvanes, et al., 2013). To this effect, Overall (2015a) points out that it is possible to influence positive outcomes in groups of animals by exposing them to similar environmental stimuli, thereby facilitating behavioral flexibility on a larger scale even while operating from a basis of minimal resources.Environmental adjustments show positive results depending on the species in question, but Price (2010) notes that the simultaneous introduction of many adjustments has a negative impact on the activity levels of these animals. (Bowman et al (2015) introduce the aspect of behavioral modification through environmental influences that produce positive outcomes in humans, such as the use of music to combat stressors. In support of this approach, Kogan et al. (2012) analyze the influence of various music genres on the behavior of dogs in kenneled envi ronments, whereby they posit that classical music has potential benefits for reducing body shaking in anxious animals compared to heavy metal. Claxton (2011) provides support for this approach by noting that sensory stimuli have a positive impact on the fear of humans that animals have, thereby positing that approaches that focus on enrichment through these avenues also improve the outcomes of future interactions. Moreover, research by Speisman et al. (2013) suggests that the creation of new neural pathways that is inherent to behavior modifications through environmental enrichment also has long-term benefits for the manipulation of animal psychology.Fahnestock et al. (2012) conducted research on environmental stressors in dogs and found that they undergo pathological and behavioral changes that are similar to those displayed by human subjects. The research also indicated that fo...

Comparing F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway Essay

Comparing F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway, though both evolved from the same literary time and place, created their works in two very dissimilar writing styles which are representative of their subject matter. The two writers were both products of the post-WWI lost generation and first gained notoriety as members of the American expatriate literary community living in Paris during the 1920s. Despite this underlying fact which influenced much of their material, the works examined in class dramatically differ in style as well as subject matter. As far as style, Fitzgerald definitely takes the award for eloquence with his flowery descriptive language whereas Hemingways genius†¦show more content†¦Another distinction between the two styles is that Fitzgerald narrated much of what the characters think and feel whereas Hemingway, for the most part with the exception of Soldiers Home, let action and dialogue reveal the storys message. Winter Dreams offers a complete narrati ve of the central characters thoughts from the beginning when Dexters winter fantasies are related to the reader to the end when his image of Judy is shattered and lost youthful passion for life is realized. Even the grief he could have borne was left behind in the country of illusion, of youth, of the richness of life, where his winter dreams had flourished (1519). The exact same is true about Babylon Revisited as in the final paragraph provides a clear view into Charlies mind. He would come back some day; they couldnt make him pay forever. But he wanted his child, and nothing was much good now, beside that fact. He wasnt young any more, with a lot of nice thoughts and dreams to have by himself. He was absolutely sure Helen wouldnt have wanted him to be so alone (Norton Anthology 1511). Now to look at Hemingway, The End of Something reveals the characters through dialogue and it is via this medium that the reader learns mostShow MoreRelated Comparing Hills Like White Elephans by Ernest Hemingway and Babylon Revisited by F. Scott Fitzgerald1562 Words   |  7 PagesComparing Hills Like White Elephans by Ernest Hemingway and Babylon Revisited by F. Scott Fitzgerald At first glance it seems that the two short stories â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway and â€Å"Babylon Revisited† by F. Scott Fitzgerald have absolutely nothing in common other than beingRead MoreAnalysis of The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas and A Moveable Feast1305 Words   |  5 Pagesnaturally, by the perceptions and interpretations of the author. The tendency to take liberty with the truth is often exacerbated when the author of such works has an affinity (or perhaps gift) for the written language, such as is the case with both Ernest Hemingway and Gertrud e Stein, who produced fairly unconventional autobiographical works entitled A Moveable Feast and The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, respectively. The proclivity to glorify ones own actions and deeds in effect to make oneself appearRead MoreThe Influence of Realism and Naturalism on 20th Century American Fiction2205 Words   |  9 Pagesmost prolific writers of the Nineteenth-century, used typical realistic methods to create an accurate depiction of changing American life. William Dean Howells, while opposing idealization, made his comic criticisms of society (Bradley 114) by comparing American culture with those of other countries. In his comic writings, Howells criticized American morality and ethics but still managed to accurately portray life as it happened. He attacked and attempted to resolve the moral difficulties ofRead MoreLost Generation vs Beat Generation2771 Words   |  12 PagesComparison between Ernest Hemingway and Jack Kerouac in Context of their Corresponding L iterary Periods Introduction While reading Jack Kerouac’s novel On the Road I have noticed that the author Ernest Hemingway is mentioned quite often in the book. This has raised my interest to focus my research on the following. For the purpose of this paper I would like to take a closer look at Jack Kerouac’s novel On the Road, in context of the Beat Generation, in comparison to Ernest Hemingway, the leader ofRead MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pageschoice of words can have great impact in a literary work. The writer, therefore, must choose his words carefully. Discussing his novel A Farewell to Arms during an interview, Ernest Hemingway stated that he had to rewrite the ending thirty-nine times. When asked what the most difficult thing about finishing the novel was, Hemingway answered, Getting the words right. 37. didactic- Literature designed explicitly to instruct. Teaching or intending to teach a moral lesson. Ex. Fables (tortoise and hare)

The Battle Of Waterloo And Its Effect On Today s Artillery

The Battle of Waterloo and its Effect on Today’s Artillery SSG Aviles-Torres, SSG Blackburn, SSG Letalu, SSG Mageo, SSG Rodgers 13B40 001-18 Senior Leaders Course SFC Metz The Battle of Waterloo and its Effect on Today’s Artillery Napoleon Bonaparte, one of the world’s greatest military strategists, led the French at the Battle of Waterloo. During his time as a General, even in defeat, his tactics in the way he used artillery were beyond reproach. His successes and errors made throughout the Battle of Waterloo had a direct effect on how we use artillery today. The Battle of Waterloo, which took place on 18 June 1815, was the final battle of the Napoleonic wars and ended Napoleon’s reign as emperor. The French marched†¦show more content†¦As the battle went on, the Prussian Army was fast approaching. When Napoleon received word of the impending Prussian arrival, he decided to send 20,000 troops, to his left flank, to intercept the Prussians. Although, this was a sensible approach, it severely weakened the main attack. The French finally push through and took La Haye Sainte (the estate in the center of the Battlefield) but, this would end up being a small victory in a battle that would have an inevitable outcome. The British retreated their men, behind the ridge, in an attempt to hide them from the French viewpoint. The French, thinking they had the British on their heels, sent their elite soldiers (Old Guard) up the middle of the battlefield and over the ridge. Unknowingly to the French, Duke Wellington hatched a plan to hide some of his troops. As the Old Guard begins its assault, of the British center line, they are surprised by British troops lying in wait, on their flanks, in the high corn fields. The Old Guard is routed by three horse batteries attacking their flanks. With the Prussian Army destroying the left flank of the French Army, Wellington sounds the general charge. The charge is successful in pushing back the French lines. Napoleon regroups his Old Guard and orders them to attack. By this time, the Old Guard is down to under 200 men. Once again, Wellington uses his plan to hideShow MoreRelatedNapoleon Bonaparte, A Great Leader, The Politician, Tyrant, Emperor4045 Words   |  17 Pagescivil reforms that other countries could only dream off in matter of a few years, restoring financial stability, reformed the education system, instituted an extensive program of public works, centralized the governmental systems which is still in effect today in France, and settled disputes wi th the almighty Catholic Church, the list of his great accomplishments go on and on. Napoleon was born to Carlo Buonaparte, a Corsican lawyer, and his wife Letizia Ramolino on August 15, 1769. The BuonapartesRead MoreNapoleon De Lafayette, And Alexander Hamilton2178 Words   |  9 Pagesfamous for their own accomplishments, as well as their effect on the world we know today. Some of these famous people in history include Marquis de Lafayette, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton, these people helped change the world for the better. Marie Joseph Pau Yves Roche Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette was born into a family of noble military derivation on September 6, 1757, in Chavaniac, France. Lafayette’s father was killed in a battle during the Seven Years War and his mother died inRead MoreMission Command Analysis of Helmuth Johannes Ludwig Von Moltke2059 Words   |  9 Pageshis army. The First Battle of the Marne, also classified as the most, â€Å"significant land battle of the twentieth century,† impresses one for its scale, decisiveness, and devastating use of rapid small arms fire, machine guns, hand grenades, and artillery. From 5 through 11 September, Germany and France each fielded over 2 million men (British 130,000) between Paris and Verdun. The most modern military technology to date was brought to bear by both sides to terrible effect. During the month ofRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesspread of Homo sapiens from our African cradle to every major area of the planet since 50,000 b.p.. These migratory currents have connected all the continents since 1500 C.E., helping create the political, social, and ethnic landscapes of the world today. Premodern societies were far from static.1 But we cannot project this fact into a history of mobility that is one of simple continuity or gradual change. The conceptual association of mobility and modernity is not just a teleological assumption

Business Proposal Newly Venture Health Club & Fitness Business

Question: Provide a business proposal for newly venture health club and fitness business. Answer: Introduction The fitness business and health club industry is mounting in the present day context. For creating a new business venture, management needs to evaluate every aspect of the business. Nowadays, the concept of venture and merger is widely used by the companies globally to achieve competitive advantages (Barrow, Barrow Brown, 2012). The main objective of the paper is to provide a business proposal for newly venture health club and fitness business. The proposal contains business plan, which helps to identify the major aspects that it will focus to generate income and how will it reach to the targeted customers. This further aims to provide analysis of the fitness market. Based on the analysis, it will focus on formulating a business plan that comprises financial plan for the new venture, period to make profit as well. The paper summarizes the vision, mission, and the objective of the business proposal. The paper will focus on providing an effective plan that will help to achieve certain target and generate profit from the investment. Summary In the present day context, the fitness industry is in the growing phase. Every people are concerned about his or her health, as it is a significant part of ones life. In the present scenario, people mainly focus on maintaining and presenting them to look pretty and handsome. Additionally, in this busy world, people are maintaining their health through exercises to live healthy normal life. Hence, people joined health club to do exercise, which leads to better and healthy life along with attractive personality. The economic theory has been the motivational factor for the entrepreneur. In the present day context, the health care industry has lots of opportunities (Barrow, Barrow Brown, 2012). Vision: our vision is to develop as a leader in the fitness industry Mission: we committed to provide exceptional physical education training to serve better to the client, which leads to their healthier life Objective: our main objective is to grow sustainably in the health club industry Rationale: our core values and underlying principle is to develop community by providing training, and education relating to health Business Model The targeted customer of the enterprise will be the local resident near to the centre. The company will segment its customer from the age of 17 to 35 years. The company will be targeting both the male and female customers equally. The company will generate its revenue from the monthly charges and the initial admission fees. Additionally, the company will be selling some products such as protein powders, supplementary products, and milk packets among others. These will help it to generate revenue and earn considerable profit. The company will be creating value to the customers by collaborating fitness centre with the health club. Additionally, the company will be introducing a diverse range of advanced fitness equipments to meet the demand of its clients. The company will be providing proper training to its staff for providing quality guidance to the clients. The company will offer extensive range of services including, sauna, steam bath, yoga, spas, meditation, gymnasium, and massage . The company will also be focusing on introducing health related programs to aware people regarding the importance of health in this busy world (Burns, 2014). Figure: Business model CANVAS Source: (Burns, 2014) Market Analysis The market of fitness and health club is in booming phase. The member of UK health club and fitness industry increased to 1.5 million. Additionally, the proportion of the fitness members as compared to the population in UK was 1:8. The UK fitness industry has developed with the increased number of health clubs. It was notable that the UK fitness market has a growth rate of 5.4% in 2015, which is considerably high to the value in 2009 that was 2.4% (The Leisure Database Company Ltd, 2015). The growth was largely due to the low cost private sector fitness centres and health clubs. Since 2009, the fitness industry demand has increased by 3.6% (The Leisure Database Company Ltd, 2015). The fitness centres and health clubs are mainly focusing on urban places, wherein the population is larger than the rural areas in UK. The fitness and health club market has been fully dependent on the health of the UK customers. Estimations revealed that financial cost of obesity in the UK is 5 million pou nd in a year (The Leisure Database Company Ltd, 2015). Additionally, a large number of people from UKs population are physically inactive. The health club and fitness market has been facing a tough condition during the last three decades, as the customer has been facing relatively low disposable income and high inflation. Hence, by understanding the complexity of their concerning health the UK population has understand the importance of physical exercise (The Leisure Database Company Ltd, 2015; WTS International, 2013; WTS International, 2015). PEST analysis helps to know the current market situation and the factors that influencing the business venturing. PEST Analysis Political The health care industry has to deal with certain local laws and regulation. The taxes related to the fitness and health care can affect the cost and business risk. The political policies regarding the health club has been the major concern for opening new venture. Economical The healthcare industry has significantly influenced by the economical factor. Growing inflation, low disposable income remains a major factor for the industry to achieve growth. Social The attitude, option that the society provides to the consumers affects the industry. The demographics such as age, income, gender have focused on improving their health issues. Technological The health care industry has been experiencing the technological development from past few years. The use of advance technology such as interactive personal station, online facilities, music system has provides the industry a new edge. This technological development helps to attract more customers to live a healthy life. SWOT Strengths The main strength involve the well-trained staffs which provide our company competitive advantages. Additionally, the price strategy provides the company a good brand image. Weaknesses The company lack adequate financial support to compete in the health care market Opportunities The new venture will provide an opportunity to raise fund. The growing market of healthcare industry has remained a major opportunity for the company. Threats The growing competition of the high quality health club services providers has been its major threats. The high cost due to the legislation and taxes has also its threat. From the PEST and SWOT analysis, the venture can use opportunity to support the business plan. The form of business would be partnership, as the company is approaching to establish a new venture with fitness business. The company is already into a health club business and planning to venture with a fitness business, so the new venture business would be starting from the zero level or De novo. The business will be dreamer that has low risk and high innovativeness. Start-Up Capital The cost that will require for the start-up of new venture fitness centre and health club is approximately 70,000. The investors will provide approximately 50,000 and the rest amount of 20,000 will come from loan. The start-up costs include infrastructure development, employee cost, equipment cost, promotion, and others (Barrow, Barrow Brown, 2012). Start-up investment Investors contribution 50,000 Bank loan 20,000 Total investment required 70,000 Assets Non cash Assets 0 Cash requirement 5,000 Additional cash 0 Cash balance 5,000 Liabilities Current borrowings 0 Long term liability 20,000 Outstanding payable 0 Other current liabilities 0 Total Liability 20,000 Figure: Forecasted Balance Sheet The start-up expenses of the proposed venture will involve legal and licensing expenses, wherein the company will be allocating 1500. Stationary expenses involves towel, water bottle among others, wherein the company will allocate 1000. The company will be distributing 9,500 for the rent. Additionally, for the insurance the new venture will assign 5000. The main investment for the venture company will be the investment of equipment. For the equipment, the company will be allocating 25,000, as the focus of the company will be to provide superior customer services with advanced equipment. The company will be assigning 10,000 for the leasehold development. For the maintenance purpose, the company will distribute leasehold of 6,500. For the utility expenses, it will spend 5500 and other expenses will be of 6000. Timeline for Making Profit The company should focus on obtaining its customer from the first month of its business operations. In the first month, the company will attempt to generate revenue of 20,000 from its customer. Figure: Sales Forecast of First Twelve Month Figure: Sales Forecast of 5 Year Sales forecast reveals that the company will be generating its income from the beginning of the fourth year, as in the fourth year the company will be in break-even point, where the cost and revenue will be equal. By providing the high quality services with the advance equipment, the company will be able to generate revenue from its customer (Burns, 2014). By considering the sale forecast, and determining the possible break-even point in the fourth year, it is necessary to convey to the manager of the bank that the complete loan amount will be paid at the end of the fourth year. Conclusion From the above proposal, it is clear that the company needs to evaluate all aspect of internal as well as external factors such as partners, the activities that the company will perform while implementing the business plan, the budget allocation and the key resources that the company will utilise. The business proposal provides the insight of the fitness and healthcare market. It also provides the timeline for the profit making. Based on the sales forecast, it clearly identifies that the company will be generating profit from the 4th year of its operations. Thus, it is recommended to the investors to invest in the business that will derive above 10% interest on the investment amount. This business proposal will provide the company wide information about the budget for introducing the new venture business. The business model CANVAs will help to know the revenue generation mechanism for the company. The paper shows the analysis of the business model that helps to evaluate the value pro position for the proposed venture. References Barrow, C., Barrow, P. Brown, R., 2012, The business plan workbook. Kogan Page Publishers, London. Burns, P., 2014, New venture creation: a framework for entrepreneurial start-ups. Palgrave Macmillan, USA. The Leisure Database Company Ltd 2015, 2015 state of the UK fitness industry report published yesterday, viewed 26 January 2016, https://www.leisuredb.com/blog/2015/6/19/2015-state-of-the-uk-fitness-industry-report-published-yesterday WTS International, 2013. Health Club Management Handbook 2013. Start A New, pp. 1-236. WTS International, 2015. Health Club Management Handbook 2015. WTS International, pp. 1-260.