Accounting Fraud, Earnings Manipulation, and Creative Accounting Research Paper

Accounting Fraud, Earnings Manipulation, and Creative Accounting - Research Paper pattern monetary reporting process, and besides put into doubt the role played by management, regulators, auditors, and analysts in preventing method of accounting malingerer. Businesses employ deceptive or fraudulent accounting practices much(prenominal)(prenominal) as creative accounting to couple on the expectations. Accounting fraud refers to an intentional and inappropriate falsification of a confederacys accounting records such as the stating of sales revenue and/or expenses. Accounting fraud is geared towards making a companys pecuniary performance (operating pay) appear better than it is. The motivation for misrepresentation of accounting records hinges on the profit motive and sourcing a favorable financing and dodging debt obligations. Companies commit accounting fraud through activities such as failing to record prepaid expenses or other incidental assets, failing to show legitimate classifications of current assets and/ or liabilities, or collapsing both short-term and long-term debt into a single amount (Jones 3). exaggeration of sales revenue is one of the techniques employed in committing accounting fraud. Overstatement of sales arises from activities such as channel stuffing and delaying recording of products returned by clients. This is directed at avoiding realization of those offsets against sales revenue at heart the current year. Other means by which demarcationes commit accounting fraud include under-recording expenses such as depreciation expense. In some instances, businesses fail to record the cost of goods sold expenses in order to solve gross margins appear higher (Rezaee and Riley 82). Similarly, accounting fraud occurs when a business fails to state asset losings that ordinarily should be identified such as uncollectible accounts receivable or not composing down inventory under the lower of cost or market rule. In addition, a business ma y fail to record the full amount of liability for an expense. Accounting fraud may also feature abuse of corporate funds and overstating of the corporate assets (Tirole 300). Creative Accounting Creative accounting (aggressive accounting) dilate accounting practices that are not necessarily considered illegal, but which are potentially misleading to investors and considered as unethical, heedless of the fact that the strategy is well within the letter of the law (Shah, Butt and Tariq 531). The resultant financial statements do not reflect the true and fair view of the company accounts. For instance, a firm may fate to paint a perception that it is financially stronger whereas it has achieved little or no growth at all. nearly businesses use creative accounting to enhance desire for stock issued so as to drive up the value of the shares and amass benefits to the business. Examples of creative accounting include off balance sheet financing, overoptimistic revenue quotation or app lication of overstated nonrecurring items. Motivations for Accounting Fraud The prominent cited motivations for accounting fraud encompass the inspire to meet internal or external earnings expectations. Thus, there is an attempt to conceal an entitys deteriorating financial condition. In addition, financial fraud is motivated by the need to raise a companys stock price as well as the urge to bolster a companys financial performance owing to a pending equity or debt financing. Similarly, accountants engage in financial fraud so as to enhance management compensation based on financial results. The ii most common techniques employed in fraudulently misstating the financial statements encompass improper revenue recognition and asset overstatements, primarily by overvaluing the present assets or capitalizing expenses. Other tricks employed in committing financial fraud include understatement of expenses and liabilities,

English colonization on the indigenous peoples of the New World in the Research Paper

English colonization on the indigenous peoples of the sassy World in the 16th and 17th centuries - Research Paper ExampleIn ancient clock the concept of colony is found in Greek city states. According to Toynbee apart from Athens and Sparta, entirely the Greek city states established their colonies on different parts. Greek city states developed colonies in browse to fulfill the needs of their growing population1. Modern era of colonialism is normally associated with the discovery of America in 1492 by Columbus. Spain established its colonies in the New World and shortly afterwards other European countries followed the suit. The fall of Spain gave propose to England and France to employment for the new found world along with already known world of India and Africa. In this fight between the 2 European powers, England prevailed. English colonies were established worldwide and they boasted that sun never set on the British Empire. American history begins with the clash of Europ eans and Native American people. The above statement is true for modernistic times, which ignores the past of New World. Archeology has revealed the old world of America but normally it is ignored and least(prenominal) discussed. For current purpose the focus will be on the 16th and 17th centuries. The Native Americans, who premier came into contact with Europeans, had their culture and values. They apply to speak some 300 to 350 distinct languages and different ways of living. The Aztecs and Incas were two great empires of this New World and their remains testify the greatness achieved by these empires. These native people branch faced Spanish settlers. The sheer power and brute force humbled the indigenous population and this was the method, which was to be used by later colonial powers. English settlers tried their luck at the East and at that place the indigenous population despite its variation lived in similar ways. They depended on agriculture, which was d unmatchable b y feminine population. Indigenous population did not keep herds of domestic animals and Male population used to hunt and fish. They used to live in family groups but loyal to larger kin and clan. There used to be one chief, who ruled by consent. The first major impact of colonialism on indigenous population was epidemic diseases. The life-time style of local population was different as they never kept herds and never lived with animals. On the other hand Europeans and Asian used to live near their domestic animals. The diseases, which were spread in the local population, resulted in the death of countless people. Mann says that what happened after Columbus was like a thousand kudzus everywhere. Throughout the hemisphere, he wrote, ecosystems wild and heaved like winter ice.2 Estimates of the population of the Americas at the time Columbus arrived have varied enormously. slightly have argued that existing estimates of a high pre-Columbian indigenous population are rooted in a bia s against aspects of Western civilization and/or Christianity. The indigenous population in 1492 was not inescapably at a high point, and may have already been in decline. Indigenous populations in most areas of the Americas reached a low point by the early twentieth century, and in a number of cases started to mounting again. Native Americans suffered profoundly because of their remoteness from the rest of the world. Europe, Africa, and Asia had been trading knowledge and technologies for centuries. Societies on all three continents had wise(p) to use iron and kept herds of domestic

Health care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

wellness care - Essay ExampleThe Sage online dictionary defines health as the general condition of body and mind, as well as A hearty state of well-being free from disorder (The Sages Dictionary Online, 2012). This literal meaning assumes relative proportions when visualized finished the glass of personal viewpoint on health, which might differ in individuals, or be severely influenced by cultural and ethnic identity. A more comprehensive definition, as standardized and agreed upon by pertinent authorities in the World Health Organization (WHO), framed in the year 1946, states that Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (Awofeso, 2012). The WHO bulletin claims that health was considered a divine gift in antiquity, until Hippocrates rationalized its comprehension as a physical state attained by following the basic tenets of sanitation and a untroubled lifestyle.A more recent definition which include s the element of psychological health, with particular emphasis on gay health, is the one given by Bircher, which states that health is a dynamic state of well-being characterized by a physical and mental potential, which satisfies the demands of life commensurate with age, culture, and personal responsibility (Bircher, 2005). The WHO definition has persisted for 60 days notwithstanding has come under criticism due to the emergence of new patterns of illness due to the high get along of aged persons in the world, who ironically survive due to better healthcare facilities developed over the years (Huber, Knottnerus, Green, et al 2011).Health promotion literally translates into any activity undertaken to maintain good health, as grok as a layperson. Technically, however, definition of the phrase is again provided by WHO which, in its Ottawa charter take in Geneva in the year 1986, states that Health promotion is the process of enabling people to annex control over and to improv e their health (WHO,

Organizational bahavior Business (MBA) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational bahavior Business (MBA) - Essay voice45). The key to managing a diverse workforce is increasing individual awareness of and sensitivity to differences of race, gender, social class, knowledgeable orientation, physical ability, and age. The locus of change is the individual and change itself is both intra- and inter-personal. This approach is consistent with the preponderance of revolution initiatives undertaken in organic laws, which primarily comprise training and development efforts such as diversity awareness training, lead training, mentoring, and personal support group (Cope 2000, p. 76).A strict code of ethics and social corporate obligation allow ensure that the participation value all stakeholders and ensures fair treatment of all groups. Ethics and SCR will ensure high high-standards of performance and ethical norms followed by all employees. The system of inquiry will succor to incorporate specific references to such topics as new legal and ethical d imensions, and SCR (Frederick 2000, p. 5). It should be framed so that it is easy to derive from it policies on these and other aspects of conduct at work. It also will provide a basis on which to build training on such problem themes in a sort which is convincing even to people who might otherwise consider them to be matters only for campaigning supererogatory interest groups (Frederick 2000, p. 23). It is the role of management to act as important activity and to co-ordinate, direct and guide the efforts of members toward the operation of goals and objectives (Dubbink 2003, pp. 3, 7). Within this process ethics and ethical code has a great influence on organization and decision making process as a part of management. the company can donate nigh money to local church or healthcare organization, finance non-for-profit organization or support R&D activities. The company should consider social issues and environmental influences in making investment decisions (Dubbink 2003, p. 42) . Employees, their work arctic and health are the main priority. It is important to improve working conditions and introduced health related programs for employee. Also, it is vital for the company to take actions and decrease GHG emissions and negative impact of production on the environment. Question 2 In general, the take of successful performance of a police squad is influenced by successful or unsuccessful decision-making process, because it involves full password and participation. This appears to work best where a high level of interaction is required among all members of the group in order to solve complex problems. The main factors which imperative to effectively measuring the successful performance team performance are team dynamics and cohesion, common language and shared understanding (DeMarco and Lister 1999, p. 45, 52). Also, it is thinkable to single out the level of professionalism and leadership qualities of a leader (DeMarco and Lister 1999, p. 155). A team l eader should bear in mind that low dynamics prevent teams to produce a higher level of output

Power electornic lab 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Power electornic lab 4 - essay ExampleTwo types of power inverters are used according to the applications electromotive force ancestry inverters (VSI) and current source inverters (CSI) (Sen, 1997). A voltage source inverter (VSI) converts a DC voltage into an AC voltage, which has a distinctive second power turn over formation. In the similar manner, a CSI converts the DC into AC with a distinctive square wave formation. In the experiment, a further discussion, calculation and results are discussed to evaluate the functional characteristics of the voltage source inverter. The waveform generated by the voltage source inverter in given below.UPS (Uninterruptible power supply) make utilization of the DC/AC inverter with batteries as the DC source. UPS is mostly utilized as the emergency backup power to maintain the info in computer data systems, maintain undisturbed communication channel, emergency power for homes and offices and selective machines at industries in case of primar y power source loss. Ups are also used to correct the civilize of under voltage and over voltage in electrical systems. The safety function is used in computer data systems, medical instruments and systems UPS is also referred to reduce harmonic distortion.In this experiment, UPS is tested with different kinds of resistant and inductive loads. UPS is evaluated according to the dissimilar load circumstances in the experiment. In this experiment, both simulation UPS investigation software as well as the real physical investigation in inverter systems is carried to evaluate the process characteristics of the UPS. The two tests will then be compared to evaluate the operation of the UPS.It is quite clear from the above results that as the load increase the output voltage of the UPS drops. On the other hand, with similar inductive and resistive loads, the voltage drop is more with inductive load that is about 6.64

GROUPS PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY, FUNCTION, AND ETHICS Research Paper

GROUPS PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY, FUNCTION, AND ethical motive - Research Paper ExampleMost importantly, the identity, function, and ethical requirements in radical work as a professional and Christian counselor will be given emphasis including Biblical value reviews in ministering small ag sort outs which explores Gods truth and how client needs can be met by move in an intimate conference setting. Keywords group counseling, counseling, group therapy, Christian counselor Introduction Professional group counseling covers multi-faceted perspectives in the psyche life of different types of people. This is considered part of psychology in action. Although group counseling has the guidelines and parameters to follow as provided by a number of books on Group Counseling authored by experts on the arenas like G. Corey , S. Venkates, Jacobs, et.al, Corey and Callahan, the code of ethics from the American Counseling standstill (ACA) and the American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC) , among others, that can guide group counselors or facilitators in their conduct of their group counseling, this field of group counseling, is still faced with a number of challenges and issues like multicultural diversity, ethical issues covering confidentiality and dual act (group and individual counseling) , ACA vs AACC code of ethics, Christian vs secular counseling, etc. These challenges and issues must be addressed accordingly for the confide to proceed and develop in the way it should be. Perhaps, this overview of professional group counseling would provide some discernment on gray areas understudy. Thesis Statement This paper seeks to bring herein some evidence or facts regarding selected issues about group counseling like the misinformation and interchanging use of such concepts as guidance, counseling and therapy the issue on having a secular and a Christian group counselor, dual relationship counseling practice, and how to select a group leader or counselor. These are some areas that this paper will present in the bank that further enlightenment can be achieved or better conclusions can be derived for future pedantic research undertakings. An Overview of Group Professional Counseling Early Beginnings Joseph Pratt (1905, applied first formal therapeutic group experience), Alfred Adler (1922, pro-runner of group counseling), and Jacob Moreno (1922, pioneer for group and psycho therapy), Trigant Burrow (1935, psychoanalytic group analysis) and Kurt Lewin (1940, founder of theory found on Gestalt principle) were noted to be the first to use group counseling (Berg, et.al, 2002). During this stage of counseling field development, clients were seeking social interaction which was often found within groups. Several early counseling groups that you even up see today developed through time. Jacobs et.al described these groups based on their own group categories by functionality, as follows a)Education group provides clients with various information b) Discussion group focuses on issues or topics and not on the members personal concern c)Task group- that which needs to accomplish a task or task-oriented activity d) Growth and experiential group is a group wherein a member wants to be in a group and is propel to learn more about themselves in a group like T-groups e) Counseling and Therapy group differs from the festering groups because members come to the group for certain problems f) Support group- enables members to learn other people

Article Resposne Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article Resposne - Essay ExampleAt the beginning, such people atomic number 18 in denial of ethnic difference hence believed that their own culture is the only real one. The import stage is defense, at people at this stage have some knowledge to to a lower placestand cultural difference and hence see it to be real. Finally, the last stage is minimization in which an individual begins to gather certain elements in his/her culture are universal. People at this stage see similarities. The next take aim is ethnorelative where a person experiences his/her culture recognizing opposite cultures as well. Here, there are also three stages of development. The set-back is acceptance, and this refers to the ability of an individual to understand and appreciate differences in culture. Such people are able to take out cultural contrasts. The second stage is adaptation, and people at this stage develop habits and behaviors that are appropriate to that former(a) culture. They not only recog nize alternative cultural experiences but develop behavior that is line with the other culture. The final stage is integration, and this is a state in which a persons understanding of egotism includes his/her movement in and out of other cultures. Therefore, their identities generally lie between multiple cultures or earth views.Based on this article, I believe I am at the minimization stage under the ethnocentric development. For the time I have been in London, there are two major elements/practices in this culture common to my American culture. First, there is a similarity in religious beliefs and practices. In my culture, the overriding religion is Christianity, and many believe in God and Jesus Christ. This is also the case here in London, and this is illustrated by the many churches around. Secondly, in America, education is one of the pillars of our society. Similarly, this appears to be the case here. There are similarities when it comes