Interlayer Effect: Si-based Double Junction Tandem Solar

Interlayer Effect: Si-based Double Junction Tandem Solar Investigation of Interlayer Effect on Si-based Double Junction Tandem Solar Cell Abstract: Silicon-based double junction tandem solar cell was fabricated and simulated using wxAMPS software. Nano structure of SiO2/ Si3N4 interlayer was inserted between the silicon and InGaN junction to investigate the effect on the quantum efficiency of the Si-based solar cell. The quantum efficiency characterizations were studied under AM1.5 solar spectrum at 300o K. SiO2 was found to be an excellent interlayer for Si-based double junction tandem solar cell compared to Si3N4 and exhibit better quantum efficiency. The addition of SiO2 and Si3N4 nano structure interlayer between the Si and InGaN improved the Jsc by 5.79% and 2.21% respectively compared to the absence of interlayer. Key-Words: Silicon solar cell, interlayer, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, quantum efficiency, wxAMPS 1  Introduction Due to its low material cost and ease of manufacturing, silicon-based solar cells are preferred for energy conversion. Advances in the technology have significantly improved the overall performance of silicon solar cells. Besides, Si has better cooling capability compared to sapphire [1]. Si has larger thermal conductivity which promises much faster thermal dissipation [2]. Since solar cells operate under high temperature, this characteristic is strongly desired. Indium gallium nitride (InGaN) is one of the best semiconductor materials for optoelectronics which can operate in high-temperature. In addition, InGaN is a widely used for multi-junction tandem solar cells with high conversion efficiency and shown a better resistance to radiation damage compared to other materials. It provides variety of band gap energies as the band gap changes with the In-Ga ratio. Due to its potential in cost reduction and faster thermal dissipation, researchers are committed to study InGaN-on-Si technol ogies. As Si and InGaN is having large relative lattice mismatch, the conversion efficiency of the device is limited. This issue leads to phase separations. Because of that, suitable interlayer or absorber layer is desired to ensure each layer to match. Thermal lattice mismatch was reported by Krost et. al in 2002 stating that cracking of GaN on Si usually occurs due to the large thermal mismatch of GaN. The thermal stress can be reduced significantly by insertion of low-temperature AlN interlayers, introducing multiple AlGaN/GaN interlayers, and growing on prepatterned substrates [3]. The interface traps at the nitride/Si interface exhibit dissimilar properties from those at the SiO2/Si interface in some aspects. Thermally grown SiO2, the currently established gate dielectric for Si-based MOS devices, possesses remarkable electronic properties that are unmatched by other materials. Both SiO2 and Si3N4 are equally transparent even for high energy edge UV band of solar spectrum. SiO2 is highly technically established materials as a passivation layer for Si based MOS technology and it may also be used for integration of PD technology [4]. Si3N4 is also potential coating materials against degradation of detecting device even in high radiation environment and temperature [5]. Implementation of double junction solar cell is one of the alternatives in enhancing the output characteristic of solar cell [6]. Users demand a better efficiency and higher output current of solar cell. Thus, we investigated the structure of InGaN-on-Si solar cell with the presence of different interlayer (SiO2 and Si3N4) which was inserted between Si and InGaN layer to intensify the light conversion in the cell. This structure enables the increase of current of both top and bottom cell by reducing the recombination effects [7]. In this paper, we focused on the quantum efficiency which is one of the criteria that must be considered as we can evaluate the amount of current that the cell will produce when exposed to sunlight. 2  Experimental Procedure The structure as shown in the Fig. 1 was fabricated using wxAMPS software which was developed by Prof. Rockett and Dr. Yiming Liu of UIUC and Prof. Fonash of PSU. The solar cells were grown on a n-type silicon substrate. Three different experiments have been conducted; without interlayer, with SiO2 interlayer and with Si3N4 interlayer. Fig. 1- Structure of the solar cell Composition of In0.4Ga0.6N with Eg=1.99 eVwas used in all three experiments. The output characteristics were studied under AM1.5 solar spectrum at 300oK. InGaN is chemically a n-type semiconductor because of the presence of nitrogen in the composition. Mg is used to dope the InGaN in order to make it p-type [8]. 3  Result and Discussion Fig. 1 presents the internal quantum efficiency of the three conducted experiments. Fig. 2- Internal Quantum Efficiency From Fig. 2, insertion of SiO2interlayer shows better IQE compared to Si3N4 and without interlayer. The difference in the IQE can be seen at high energy spectrum. The difference is due to the recombination at the surface of the cells. When carriers are generated near the surface, and since blue light for example is absorbed very close to the surface, quantum efficiency at high energy edge which absorbed very close to the surface will be affected by the front surface recombination. Presence of interlayer leads to a higher generation rate and it is more significant at the wavelength ÃŽ »2/ Si3N4is introduced between the Si and InGaN layer, the absorption is further improved and enhances the diffusion length. The highest quantum efficiency is recorded at the wavelength of 650-700 nm. The surface recombination and diffusion length in the bottom cell tends to shift the peak to lower energy edge. The properties of SiO2 and Si3N4 itself differs from each other. SiO2 has a refractive index o f 1.57 while Si3N4 with refractive index of 2.05. SiO2 permits selective diffusions into silicon wafer. Fig. 3- Current density without interlayer Since the solar cells are made up of p-type and n-type semiconductors, electrons from the n-region near the p–n junctionlikely to diffuse into the p region. As these electrons diffuse, positively charged ions (donors) are left in the n-region. On the other hand, holes from the p-type region near the p–n junction start to diffuse into the n- region. As we analyze the current density behavior based on the structure in Fig. 1, the bottom cell (Si) which is stacked with InGaN layer determines the current density with the presence/absence of interlayer. It can be seen that recombination that occur in the bottom cell affected its total performance. Besides, the in-plane lattice mismatch between Si and InGaN was reported by Henini in his book. Direct growth of InGaN layer on Si (without buffer or interlayer) gives in-plane mismatch from -7.81% to -17%; depending on the content of Indium and Gallium [9]. Direct growth of InGaN on Si makes some part of the InGaN diffused into th e Si. Carrier recombinations at localized states arise due to this lattice mismatch which leads to lower Jsc. Besides, cracking of GaN on Si usually occurs due to the large thermal mismatch of GaN. This lattice mismatch effect can be reduced by inserting interlayer which can reduce the thermal stress between the junction of InGaN and Si. GaN-based semiconductor is not well suited for direct growth on Si. Fig. 4- Current density for Si3N4 interlayer From Fig. 4, the behavior of the current density with Si3N4 interlayer is almost the same with no interlayer but it gives lower recombination rate hence produces greater current-density compared to the one in Fig. 3. At 0.08  µm-0.1  µm, it can be observed that Jn and Jp stay constant at a deeper position from the bottom cell. The final alignment and function of InGaN cell is strongly dependent on the starting substrate type, orientation, substrate pre-treatment, type of buffer or inter layer and growth conditions. High recombination rate as shown in Fig.3 and Fig. 4 is not desired. Thus, Si3N4 is not so suitable to be used as an interlayer between Si and InGaN. Fig. 5- Current density SiO2 for interlayer Fig. 5 shows the current density at the bottom cell when SiO2 is used as interlayer. Unlike Si3N4, cells with SiO2 as its interlayer give less recombination rate. The type and magnitude of recombination processes in the cell greatly affected the minority carrier lifetime and the diffusion length. The recombination rate will depend on the number of defects present in the material. Defects here may refer to the doping concentration, dopants or the properties of the material itself. Less interface defects are shown by SiO2 and this is proven by nowadays Si fabrication technology which uses SiO2 as gate interface. Even though both SiO2 and Si3N4 are equally transparent for high energy edge of solar spectrum, but the interface traps at the nitride/Si interface exhibit contradictory properties from those at the SiO2/Si interface in some aspects. No interlayer SiO2 interlayer Si3N4 interlayer Voc (V) 1.5886 1.6371 1.5912 Jsc (mA/cm2) 6.4706 6.8454 6.6136 FF (%) 48.439 52.2130 48.8326 Efficiency (%) 4.9791 5.8513 5.1390 Table 1- Output characteristics of the solar cell based on different interlayer The output characteristics as shown in Table 1 are relatively important in determining the performance of solar cells based on different interlayer. It can be seen that SiO2gives a higher Voc, Jsc, fill factor and efficiency compared to Si3N4. The addition of SiO2/Si3N4 nano structure interlayer between the Si and InGaN improves the Jsc by 5.79% and 2.21% respectively compared to the absence of interlayer. 4  Conclusion The effect of different interlayer on Si-based solar cell is studied. InGaN is not well suited fordirectgrowthonsiliconsubstrate. SiO2 has shown to be an excellent interlayer between Si and InGaN cell. It appears that suitable choice of interlayer is important to match the top cell and the bottom cell. The interlayer also will give a significant effect on its quantum efficiency and total current density. 5 Acknowledgement I would like to thank Pusat Penyelidikan dan Inovasi UMS and Kerajaan Malaysia for the funding of this project (Project code: FRG0307-TK-1/2012). References: C.Y.Liuet al.,Nitride-based concentrator solar cells grown on Si substrates, Solar Energy Materials Solar Cells117(2013)54–58 Miro Zeman Janez Krc. Electrical and Optical Modelling of Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells.MRS Proceedings. Vol. 989. No. 1. Cambridge University Press, 2007. Krost, Alois, and Armin Dadgar. GaN-based optoelectronics on silicon substrates.Materials Science and Engineering: B93.1 (2002): 77-84. Eujune Lee et, al., IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. 30, No. 5, May 2009 Sinje K-C et. al., 26th EU PVSEC European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference Exhibition, 05-09 Sept., 2011 L. A. Vilbois et al., Simulation of a Solar Cell Based on InGaN, Energy Procedia 18 ( 2012 ) 795 – 806 El Gmili, Y., et al. Multilayered InGaN/GaN structure vs. single InGaN layer for solar cell applications: A comparative study.ActaMaterialia61.17 (2013): 6587-6596. Islam, Rafiqul, et al. MOVPE Growth of InxGa1-xN(x~0.4) and Fabrication of Homo-junction Solar Cells.Journal of Materials Science Technology(2012). Henini, Mohamed. Molecular beam epitaxy from research to mass-production, Newnes (1996): 33-36. Chang, J-Y., et al. Numerical Investigation of High-Efficiency InGaN-Based Multijunction Solar Cell. (2013): 1-1. Despeisse, M., et al. Resistive interlayer for improved performance of thin film silicon solar cells on highly textured substrate.Applied Physics Letters96.7 (2010): 073507-073507. Araà ºjo, Andreia, et al. Role of a disperse carbon interlayer on the performances of tandem a-Si solar cells.Science and Technology of Advanced Materials14.4 (2013): 045009. Liu, Yiming, Yun Sun, and Angus Rockett. A new simulation software of solar cells—wxAMPS.Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells98 (2012): 124-128. Liu, Yiming, Yun Sun, and Angus Rockett. Batch simulation of solar cells by using Matlab and wxAMPS. InPhotovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), 2012 38th IEEE, pp. 000902-000905. IEEE, 2012.

The Addictive Nature of the Internet Essay -- Addicting Internet Web C

The Addictive Nature of the Internet The purpose of this paper is to show the many different ways that people can become addicted to the web (Internet) and to try to explain why. The various aspects of the web, such as the wide range of information, the advanced technology, and alternate ways of communication have contributed to its addictive nature. People of all ages and backgrounds have become so absorbed in using the web, either through work or play, that they have, in effect, become addicted to using it. Some common types of sites which people just cannot seem to stay away from include chat rooms, dating services, sex, pornography, shopping, and sports. The prevalence of Internet use and the growing realization that it has become an addictive vice for some has spurned the creation of groups such as Webaholics Anonymous, Interneters Anonymous, Netaholics Anonymous, the Internet Addiction Association, and the Internet Addiction Support Group (IASG). All of these self-help groups can be sought on-line, which is rather ironic, given the topic, but nonetheless the groups seek to aid those addicted to using the Internet. The name, Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD) has even been given to this growing phenomenon of Internet addiction. "Addiction" as defined by Webster's New World Dictionary is "the condition of being addicted (to a habit) or of being an addict." "Addict," on the other hand, is defined as one who has given oneself up to some strong habit. Some may say that being addicted to using the Internet is not a "true" addiction, but according to the Webster definition, Internet addiction can be and is every bit as real and as hard to manage as a drug or alcohol addiction. Depending on where it is one looks ... ...ng from. Anyone who thinks that they may have a problem or knows someone who does should try to be open and honest about it, and should seek help before the situation becomes out of control. For anyone who reads this who is addicted to the Internet, I wish you the best of luck in controlling the disorder. For anyone else, beware of the possibilities! Works Cited "Results of Internet Behaviour Questionnaire." http://www.ifap.bepr.ethz.ch/~egger/ibq/intadd.htm. (April 15, 1997) "Richard's Web Central - Interneters Anonymous." http://www.itw.com/~rscott/ia.html. (March 20, 1997) "Self Help & Psychology Magazine Article: Internet Can Be As Addicting As Alcohol, Drugs And Gambling." http://cybertowers.com/selfhelp/articles/internet/intaddic.html.(March 20, 1997) "Symptoms of Internet Addiction." http://www.addictions.com/internet.htm. (March 20, 1997)

Cells And Cell Theory :: essays research papers

Cells and Cell Theory What advantages does small size give to a cell? Many cellular processes occur by diffusion, which is efficient over short distances, but less efficient over long distances. Since all materials going in and out of a cell must pass through the plasma membrane, the greater the surface area of this membrane, the faster a given quantity of molecules can pass through. Smaller cells have a much greater surface-to-volume ratio than larger cells and therefore can "feed" all areas of the cell in less time. What is "surface-to-volume ratio," and how does it affect cell size? The surface-to-volume ratio is a mathematical relationship between the volume of an object and the amount of surface area it has. This ratio often plays an important role in biological structures. Think of a cell as a sphere: The surface area of a sphere can be calculated by 4Ã ° r2 where r is the radius of the sphere. Volume of a sphere can be calculated by 4/3 Ã ° r3. An increase in r will increase the surface area by a power of two, but increase the volume by a power of three. This means that the volume will increase much faster than the surface area. This puts an upper limit on the size of a cell, because if the cell volume gets too big, there won't be enough membrane to transport the amount of food in and wastes out to support that large cell size. What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotic cells are more simple: they are usually much smaller and don't have a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria are prokaryotes. Eukaryotic cells are much more complex, are usually larger, and have a nucleus and several other membrane-bound organelles that allow them to compartmentalize their functions. All multicellular plants and animals are eukaryotes. A helpful trick to remember is that "you" are a "eu"karyote. Are there any single-celled eukaryotes? Yes--yeast, for example. Yeast are single-celled organisms, but they do contain a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles. What are the advantages and disadvantages of prokaryotic compared to eukaryotic cells? Although prokaryotes may seem more primitive than eukaryotes, they are among the most successful species on our plant and comprise a very large percentage of the total mass of all living things on earth. Simple, small, and single-celled organisms can reproduce quickly and evolve quickly. Prokaryotes can generate millions of progeny in a short period of time.

Gender Inequality In India Essay

Imagine yourself in the shoes of a person who has been oppressed their entire life. Imagine all the laws that were made to protect you have not been effective one bit. Imagine yourself as a minority in the second largest community in the world. Yes, I am talking about the women in India. Why do some women live like slaves when the men thrive as the superior race in India Customs, traditions, rustic beliefs are some of the answers that advocate male superiority in the country. Some of the facts that you read a1bout women on the internet are outrageous. According to a survey done in 2011 every 42 minutes, an incident of sexual harassment takes place. Every 43 minutes, a woman is kidnapped. Every 93 minutes, a woman is killed. Every 102 minutes, a dowry death. Surprised yet? These are only a few from the thousands of facts. Women are discriminated on a daily basis in the society, workplace and even at home while men on the other hand live like the emperors of the society. India portrays the image of society with men holding the whips, and taking control. It is as common to find women oppressed in the cities, as much as they can be oppressed in the remote villages. Majority of the women in India live in the fear of raising their voices, for they have been robbed of their rights and have been imprisoned to a world where they are voiceless. Even though today’s women are far more modern and independent, they are still haunted by the views and believes of the older generation where women are meant to be ideal housewives who take care of the family, feed them, maintain them and nothing more, while men are free to decide their future and choose what they want to be. A woman has equal rights as a man, she can choose the life she wants and the way she wants to live it. She shouldn’t be burdened with the views of the society or tradition. It is tough to believe that when 82 per cent of the men are educated only 65 per cent of women in India were lucky enough to have had the liberty to attend school. This shows  the ignorance and negligence of the parents who fail to ensure the education of their girl child. It is not surprising that India has the lowest workforce participation rate from women. You might think the few women who make their own living lead a better life, well think again. Only 4 out of every 10 women take part in a corporate office. The work participation rate of men in India is almost double as that of women. Women continue to be concentrated in jobs with low pay and authority levels placing limits on their overall access to income, status and power while men continue to dominate the top positions of the firm ensuring higher payment and better job security. The numbers of women that hold managerial positions in India are exceptionally low. Multinational companies prefer men to be the face of their organization to be more appealing to the public. On top of all the work load and discrimination, women go through a lot of mental as well as sexual harassments at work. There are constantly challenged by the nature of their work and the environment they are placed to work in. Unlike men the work of a woman does not end outside the doors of the office, she gets back home to take on the next set of mundane tasks. From the very beginning a girl is taught to do the household works while her brothers are treated like kings. Boys of the family have the rights to be out as long as they want and when a girl misses her curfew by a few minutes all hell breaks loose. It is almost like she has no voice of her own, everyone else makes a decision for her. Let it be a child or a full grown women, she never escapes the discrimination. In the modern world where men and women are working members of the family, the wife is still expected to come home at the end of the day and take care of the rest of the family and attend to their needs. She is expected to provide and nurture others with nothing in return while the only duty of the man is to earn for the family. Statistics shows that an average woman in India spends almost 10 years of her life in the kitchen while an average man at most would have spent 4 years. In India physical abuse of Indian women is high ranging from 22-60 percent and the suicide attempts due to violence and torture is shocking. 74.8 percent of women who reported violence have attempted to commit suicide. What is more surprising is that these statistics are from within  the four walls of their â€Å"safe home†. Despite the efforts of many women and political group to end discrimination against women, it still goes on. Every now and then a strike or a rally is conducted to educate the youth the importance of women in the society but the enthusiasm and the energy of these programs dies away the next day. Women will not have their rights and freedom in the society until there is a change in the mindset of men. This is the twenty first century, along with the development in science and literature we need to develop a society where women are no longer discriminated, a society where women and men hold equal positions at work and at home. We need work towards a future in which every girl gets to define who and what she wants to be. The question, though, how far away is that future?

Holistic Nursing

Holistic assessments in nursing provide a unique quality of care to the individual patient. Holism in the provision of care includes assessments obtaining data about the physiological, psychological, sociological, spiritual, developmental, cultural and environmental aspects. It is imperative that the nurse conducting these assessments adopts methods in the nursing process that reflects the standards outlined in Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse to ensure the health and wellbeing of the patient is maximized and maintained throughout the time health care is received.Nursing processes are directed at restoring overall harmony for the patient therefore an understanding of the individual as a whole person must be assessed. During the nursing process, the nurse will perform the assessment, diagnose, plan, implement and evaluate the patient in an ongoing process. This essay will outline the importance of a holistic approach in nu rsing assessment and the importance assessment in the nursing process. ultural, spiritual and psychological aspects of the holistic assessment and the relevance of these components in the provision of care will be discussed and how AMNC standards apply to care in nursing. A holistic approach in nursing assessment establishes the patients’ physiological, psychological, sociological, spiritual, developmental, cultural and environmental aspects in their life. Obtaining data holistically is vital in assisting a patients’ ability to manage their symptoms and emotional status maximizing quality of life during the stages of illness or health changes (Margereson & Trenoweth 2009: 104).The aim of the holistic approach in nursing assessment is to establish the type of support and care required for the individual, developing a quality of care that assists their wellbeing as a whole person (Margereson & Trenoweth 2009: 104). When assessing the patient it is important that the nurs e â€Å"collects data that relates to physiological, psychological, spiritual, socio-economic and cultural variables on an ongoing basis† as outlined in ANMC competency 5. 1 (ANMC 2006, p. ). The ANMC competency is supported by, Margereson & Trenoweth (2009:104), who describes the assessment process as ongoing and is determined by the changing needs of the patient, their family and their carer’s. Margereson & Trenoweth (2009: 104) further describes that the holistic approach supports the patient to build psychological resilience and wellbeing, to maintain independence as well as developing care and support networks that is best suited to the individual.The holistic approach in nursing assessment provides the patient assistance in decision making, achieving goals, addressing needs and desires and can build on strengths (Margereson & Trenoweth 2009: 104). Therefore, it is crucial to obtain data holistically in assessment to support and maximise the patients’ healt h and wellbeing. Assessment in the nursing process is an important aspect, as the information gathered enables a comprehensive response to the patients’ health status.It is important for the nurse to adopt an approach following the guidelines outlined in the ANMC, Domain 5, â€Å"Provision and coordination of care† (ANMC 2006, p. 8) to ensure preferences are met an accuracy is maintained when carrying out assessment. The nursing process is a cyclic method that involves assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing and evaluating (Kozier & Erb 2012: 213). Kozier & Erb (2012: p. 212-213) describes the nursing process as an overlapping lapping sequence that focuses on establishing the patients social, cultural, emotional, spiritual as well as physical needs.Assessment will establish this data as well as a patients’ health history, concerns, health status and their ability to manage their own health care needs (Kozier & Erb: 213). Kozier & Erb (2012: 212) also maint ain that data collected in the assessment phase enables the patients’ lifestyle and routines to be incorporated into the care plan. Assessment is about collecting as much information as possible enabling problem solving throughout the nursing process.Assessment in the nursing process will establish the patients' ongoing needs and provide a quality of care best suited to the individual, to achieve a desirable health outcome. Cultural aspects of holistic assessment is relevant in the provision of nursing care as it provides the care team with an overview of cultural needs of the patient as well as providing information in which the patients’ health problems have arisen. Culture is defined as values, beliefs, artifacts, behaviors, attitudes and customs influencing and regulating interactions between members of a social group (Stein-Parbury 2010: 91; Johnstone 2006: 67).It is the nurses responsibility to adhere to the ANMC, competency 2. 3, ‘accepts individuals/group s to whom care is provided regardless of race, culture, religion, age, gender, sexual preference, physical or mental state’ (ANMC 2006, p. 4). Kozier & Erb (2012: 360) discuss that cultural sensitivity, appropriateness, competency and safety are all factors that are required to be taken into consideration so that the patient can be provided with the best possible health care.Kozier & Erb (2012: 360) also explain that conflicts in health care have been apparent due to cultural misunderstandings. An example of a cultural misunderstanding is the level of pain. In some cultures, it is normal to dramatically express ones level of pain whereas in other cultures people do not complain when in pain (Stein-Parbury 2010: 94). Culture is also an important aspect as it can explain nutrition, environmental and home status and level of education ( Kozier & Erb: 360) which all relate to the provision of care to be given.The holistic assessment of a patients cultural aspects enable the best suitable approach in the provision of care, upholding the patients’ rights, addressing their needs and minimizing misunderstandings. Spiritual needs are often emphasized in times of ill health or other health related crisis therefore it is imperative that spirituality of the patient is understood in order to maximize provision of care. Kozier & Erb (2012: 1154) define spirituality as a way in which a person lives their life, bound in beliefs and values and how their own meaning or perception is viewed.A holistic assessment will determine the spiritual needs of the patient to enable the nurse to respond appropriately to the patient whilst adhering to ANMC, competency 9. 5, ‘Facilitates a physical, psychosocial, cultural and spiritual environment that promotes individual/group safety and security’ (ANMC 2006, p. 12). Narayanasamy (2009:886-890), describes spirituality as a fundamental aspect in holistic assessment as it can promote the patients mind, body and spiri t as well as determining there state of mind in relation to spiritual distress such as loss of hope.Spirituality is an important part of the healing process as it can provide comfort, reduce suffering and assist in the physical and mental healing of the patient (Kozier & Erb 2012: 1154). Kozier & Erb (2012: 1155) state that the nurse who attends to their own spiritual needs is able to assist others and have a better understanding of the patients spiritual needs. Therefore, the provision of care will be heightened and the spiritual needs of the patient can be addressed in a holistic assessment.Psychological aspects of mind-body interactions are of great importance in the holistic assessment process in order to provide provision of care. The nurse is obligated to follow ANMC, competency 5. 1 ‘Uses a relevant evidence-based assessment framework to collect data and the physical socio-cultural and mental health of the individual/group’ (ANMC 2006, p. 8). Kozier & Erb (2012:3 45), explain that mind-body interactions can have a good or ill effect on the body for example, stress can lead to an altered body function such as an increased urinary frequency.Assessment of psychological status is imperative to establish the correct provision of care to be provided. Kozier & Erb (2012: 345) maintain that the minds ability to influence health status is receiving more attention and treatments such as relaxation techniques are being more commonly used to combat symptoms of stress. Illnesses have the ability to create emotional responses as well such as fear and depression, therefore the nurse must take into consideration these variables when conducting an holistic assessment to provide quality care to the patient.Holism in the provision of care is imperative to maintain in the nursing process. Holistic assessments carried out are unique and individual for each patient. This can be obtained in the nursing process by gathering data holistically by assessing the physio logical, psychological, sociological, spiritual, developmental, cultural and environmental aspects of the patient. A better understanding of the patients’ needs and requirements for care can be developed to provide health restoration in the best possible manner suited to the individual.The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse outlines the requirements for nurses to follow to ensure health care is delivered at the highest standard. References Australian Nursing & Midwifery Council 2006, National Competency Standards For The Registered Nurse, 4th edn, viewed 2 September 2012, . Berman, A et al. , 2012, Kozier and Erb’s fundamentals of nursing, Australian adaptation, 2nd edn, Pearson, Sydney.Ellis, HK & Narayanasamy, A 2009, ‘An Investigation into the Role of Spirituality in Nursing', British Journal of Nursing, Vol. 18, No. 14, pp. 886-890. Johnstone, M 2006, Bioethics: a nursing perspective, Elsevier Austr alia, Marrickville, NSW. Margereson, C & Trenoweth, S 2009, Developing Holistic Care for Long-term Conditions, Routledge, New York. Stein-Parbury, J 2009, Patient and Person: Interpersonal Skills in Nursing, 4th edn, Elsevier, Marrickville.

Health Risks Associated with Obesity Research Paper

Health Risks Associated with Obesity - Research Paper Example The report mainly outlines the problems that theses diseases may cause and to a certain extent their side effects as well. Obesity is not only a cosmetic glitch but a very serious future health issue. Many researches show that an over-weight person with excessive fat has more probability to develop certain diseases such as heart problems, diabetes, certain cancer-forms and many more (Sims, 2012). Some of the major diseases will be explained in this report. Risks Involved The diseases listed in the introductory section will be explained formulating the main theme of this report on Health risks linked with obesity. Every year, in the U.S alone, over 150 billion dollars are spent on obesity-related disease which causes about 300000 deaths, only in the U.S.A (Stanford, 2012). Some of the issues caused by obesity are listed and explained below. High Blood Pressure Additional fat tissues in the body need oxygen and nutrition to survive, which in turn need the blood vessels to provide exces sive blood to the fats. This in-turn increases the amount of blood-pumping by the heart, making it work overtime. It also means that the pressure on the artery walls in more than required by a low quantity of fat tissues. This high pressure exerted on the artery walls will cause a higher blood pressure in the body. ... Obesity causes resistance to insulin, the hormone that polices the blood sugar. Blood sugar level goes up as excessive fat resists the formation of insulin. Even a low amount of unwanted fat in the body can cause the peril of diabetes (Stanford, 2012). Heart Diseases The arteries of obese people are more prone to be hardened, research says by almost 10 percent compared to those people who are not obese. Coronary artery disease also prevails as the fat deposits on the arteries en-route the heart. Smaller passage for the blood in the arteries mean that the flow of blood is decreased which can cause angina or an in simple terms a â€Å"heart attack†. The fat deposit can also cause blood clotting which can also result in a heart attack (Stanford, 2012). Joint Problems Excessive fat can also affect the knees and hips as extra fat makes up extra weight causing more stress on the bones where joints exist. Any kind of a surgery on the bone joints is not advisable for a fat person as a rtificial or treated joints may not be sufficient enough to hold extra weight, causing further damage to the most used bones in the body. It also causes day to day pains in various joints like the knees and ankles which eventually become life threatening injuries or ones which can cause excessive pain (Stanford, 2012).. Sleep apnea and Respiratory Issues Sleep apnea causes lack of breath for short period of times is also a side effect of obesity. As stated before obesity causes many diseases indirectly on a later stage of life. This stoppage of breath causes lack of sleep as it may interfere in the sleep at night and stop from sleeping in the daytime. This can also be one of the prime reasons of snoring while sleeping. Due to excessive weight around the chest area, the lungs are

Bullying at Health care Work Places Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Bullying at Health care Work Places - Essay Example As the paper outlines workplace bullying has been recognized as one of the most recurrent internal issues which affect health care dissemination. In definition, workplace bullying is any form of abuse that is repetitive in a way such that the victim suffers intimidation, threats, verbal abuse, humiliation, or just any act which keeps them from performing their duties to the best of their ability. The danger of workplace bullying affects both the professional and patient in this context of health care. In the light of these, the following study will highlight the issue of health care workplace bullying, and support that it limits the dissemination of health care, thus endangering the lives of patients. From this paper it is clear that workplace bullying in health care is a big problem which affects the professionals and their patients as well. Again, he states that bullying will lead to lack of morale and feelings of helplessness, and any health care professional subjected to such conditions cannot perform well. The reasons offered as to why a health care professional may bully another include the need to control others, lack of remorse or guilt, an exaggerated sense of self, or being overly stubborn amongst others. Some forms of bullying include lack of appreciation by supervisors where credit is due, unfair degradation occurs, being falsely termed as incompetent, or denial or requested help. The list is endless. The impact of bullying is dangerous since it may lead to lost productivity, high turnover, work dissatisfaction, work-related injuries, and absenteeism. Collectively, these factors affect the patient most since they lack sufficient care, or receive low quality care, or l ack any care at all.